荷兰卢恩纪念公墓公共景观设计 | KARRES EN BRANDS

Loenen纪念公墓是大约4000名荷兰士兵和平民的安息之地。他们在第二次世界大战和随后的其他暴力冲突，如荷属东印度群岛战役、国际维和任务中丧生。

公墓位于Veluwe河畔的自然保护区内，由大片森林和石楠树组成。该公墓于1949年，在荷兰战争墓地基金会（OGS）的倡议下建成。为了可以容纳以后的战争受害者，OGS在现有墓地附近购买了土地。这是一个有广袤树林的三角形区域，以安置总共约5000个坟墓。2009-2010年，Karres en Brands对新的公墓进行了总体规划。该方案将随着时间的推移分不同阶段进行开发。该设计有一条1.5公里的蜿蜒道路，连接着八个墓葬区。OGS在2015-2017年建设了前两个墓葬区，而第三个墓葬区的建造在2020-2021年由Loenen国家退伍军人公墓（NVBL）负责，建成后将成为退伍军人的公墓。目前纪念馆和教育中心已完工，墓地的新入口也已建成。

Loenen Memorial Cemetery is the final resting place of nearly 4,000 Dutch soldiers and civilians. They lost their lives during World War II and in other violent conflicts that followed, such as the Dutch East Indies campaign, and in international peacekeeping missions. 

Loenen Cemetery is located in a nature reserve on the Veluwe, consisting of forest and heath. The cemetery was built in 1949 on the initiative of the Dutch War Graves Foundation (OGS). Every Dutch national who is deemed a war victim according to the statutes of the OGS can be buried at Loenen. The number of graves will never be thinned. To accommodate possible additional war victims in the future, OGS purchased land adjacent to the existing cemetery. It is a triangular area with a wooded character that must provide space for a total of approximately 5,000 graves. In 2009/2010, Karres en Brands designed a masterplan for the new war cemetery that will be developed in different stages over time. The design involves a 1.5 km winding path linking eight burial chambers. The OGS installed the first two burial chambers in 2015/2017, while the third was commissioned by the Loenen National Veterans Cemetery (NVBL) in 2020/2021 and set up as a cemetery for veterans. The memorial and education centre has also been built, as has a new entrance to the cemetery.

▼原有的公墓设施

Original war cemetery © Chiel van Diest

最初的战争公墓由D. Haspels设计。设计虽不张扬，但具有力量感。在入口处，你会发现一个木制结构的小教堂，后面是一个星形空间，在中间有一个十字架。森林包围空地的布局，以及明暗之间的对比彰显了设计的力量。为了保留这些特点，我们决定不再延用原来的规划，而是让扩建的部分成为一个独立的设计空间。扩建部分有一条长长的人行道，连接着通往原来墓地的主路和沿Groenendaalseweg新建的第二入口。沿着小路有八个椭圆形的开放空间。这条优美蜿蜒的小径向四周延伸，切入周围的石楠树林中。开放空间作为独立的墓室，每个都特点鲜明。而这些房间的位置和布局也与地形、环境和现有的公墓相联系。

The original war cemetery designed by D. Haspels is modest but powerful. At the entrance you'll find a small wooden chapel, and behind it is a star-shaped space with a cross in the middle. The strength of the design lies in the organization of open spaces enclosed by forest, and in the contrast between light and dark. In keeping with these qualities, it was decided not to continue with the original plan, but to allow the extension to be an independent design. The extension consists of a long footpath connecting the main routes of the original cemetery to the new second entrance along Groenendaalseweg. There are eight elliptical open spaces along the path. The path is a beautiful winding line cut out into the forest with heather vegetation. The open spaces act as separate burial chambers, and each has its own character. The position and layout of these rooms is related to the topography, the environment, and the existing war cemetery. 

▼同心圆墓地区

Round burial chamber © Chiel van Diest

▼椭圆形墓地区

Oval burial chamber © Chiel van Diest

▼建筑元素与森林形成明显对比

Built elements that form a clear contrast against the forest © Chiel van Diest

虽然设计语言与现有的公墓不同，但一些特征在新的设计中依旧得到了体现。例如，开放空间和封闭空间的对比，明与暗的对比，简约适度的内部装饰，白色的使用，以及与森林形成明显对比的建筑元素。公园般的墓室是可以安抚亲属的静谧空间，为访客创造了美丽的背景。纪念馆和教育中心位于星形空间的轴线上，面向十字架。它构成了荷兰战争坟墓基金会和Loenen国家退伍军人公墓之间的连接通道。该建筑与周围的景观有着独特的空间关系，具有极佳的视野和从外到内、层次清晰的过渡。

Although the design language differs from the current cemetery, certain characteristics are reflected in the new design. The contrast between open and closed spaces, for example, the contrast between light and dark, the simple and modest interior, the use of white, and built elements that form a clear contrast against the forest. The park-like burial chambers are serene spaces that can offer comfort to relatives and form a beautiful backdrop for visitors. The memorial and education centre sits at one of the axes of the star and faces the cross. It forms a connecting link between the Netherlands War Graves Foundation and the Loenen National Veterans Cemetery. The building has a unique spatial relationship to the surrounding landscape with striking sight lines and layered transitions from the outside to the inside. 

▼植物营造静谧空间

Plants form a beautiful backdrop for visitors © Chiel van Diest

▼阶梯状墓地区

Burial chamber with steps © Chiel van Diest 

▼白色墙体

White wall © Chiel van Diest

▼纪念馆和教育中心

Memorial and education centre © Chiel van Diest

空闲的墓室在未来可以为其他特殊群体提供空间。

In the future, the burial chambers still to be placed can offer space to other specified groups.

▼沿Groenendaalseweg新建的第二入口

Second entrance along Groenendaalseweg © Chiel van Diest

▼平面图

Site plan © Karres en Brands

_项目信息

_{项目名称：卢恩纪念公墓扩建项目}

_{项目地点：荷兰，格罗恩达尔斯韦格}

_{项目规模：16,8公顷}

_{项目类别：公共景观项目}

_{景观设计：Karres en Brands}

_{建筑设计：KAAN建筑事务所（设计纪念馆和教育中心）}

_{设计时间：2009 - 2017}

_{建成时间：2015 - 2017（第一阶段），2020 - 2021（第二阶段）}

_{项目施工现状：第1和第2阶段已实施}

_{合作方：SmitsRinsma, Bureau Waardenburg}

_{照片版权所有：Chiel van Diest}

_{Name of the project: Loenen Memorial Cemetery Extension} 

_{Project location (For publicly accessible projects please include exact address. For private gardens place write Country or State): Groenendaalseweg 64, 7371 EZ Loenen, The Netherlands} 

_{Size: 16,8 ha} 

_{Project category: Public Landscape Project}

_{Architecture offices involved in the design (if any): Design memorial and education center: KAAN Architects}

_{Design year: 2009 – 2017}

_{Implementation: 2015 - 2017 (first phase), 2020 - 2021 (second phase)}

_{Status: phase 1 and 2 implemented}

_{In collaboration with: SmitsRinsma, bureau Waardenburg}

_{Photo Copyright: Chiel van Diest}

_{版权声明：本文版权归原作者所有，请勿以景观中国编辑版本转载。如有侵犯您的权益请及时联系，我们将第一时间删除。}

_{投稿邮箱：info@landscape.cn}

_{项目咨询：18510568018（微信同号）}