《景观设计学》2023年第5期

中国景观设计职业准入门槛与核心专业技能

Professional Qualification for and Core Means of Landscape Architects in China

（李迪华，《景观设计学》2023年第5期“主编寄语”）

建筑学、景观设计学，以及城市与区域规划在美国被誉为城乡建设和生态保护领域的“三架马车”^[1]。这三个专业的边界清晰，却相辅相成，一起履行相关领域的专业职责。当代中国景观学（包括园林、风景园林、景观建筑学、景观设计学、环境艺术设计等不同方向和名称的探索）诞生已经有七十余年，却并未像人们期待的那样成为一个拥有市场开拓能力和社会责任清晰的应用型学科，反而一直被诟病“准入门槛低”“技术含量不高”等，社会认可不尽人意。这些问题长期困扰着中国景观设计的行业、教育发展及其公众认知^[2]~[5]。

景观学有哪些专业准入门槛？景观学的核心专业技能是什么？结合近二十年的持续探索，笔者尝试给出一个答案。景观学的专业准入门槛体现在以下几个方面^[1]~[4][6]：

第一，设计师应当熟悉相关法律。自2015年起，景观设计成为终身责任制的职业，《中华人民共和国环境保护法》（2015年1月1日起施行）、《中华人民共和国无障碍环境建设法》（2023年9月1日起施行）对此均作出了明确的要求。这两项法案和《中华人民共和国民法典》等法规共同构成了设计师应当熟悉的法律要求。

第二，设计师应当掌握工程标准规范并做到更好，包括《建筑与市政工程无障碍通用规范》（GB 55019—2021，2022年4月1日起施行）及实际项目中遇到的细分领域的各项标准规范。

第三，设计师要拥有同理心和职业常识，追求“只有使用者想不到的，没有设计师想不到的”的建成环境，愿意终身为具体的人付出，为弱者付出，为细节付出，为未来付出。

第四，设计师是具备专业胜任力的职业人士。法律和社会需求赋予设计师的各项职能——维护公共利益、呵护人的健康与生命安全、改善人和其他生命的生存福祉、维护地球生态系统健康和生态系统服务可持续供给，以及探索适应全球气候变化的解决方案——都需要我们主动担当。

第五，用最高的职业道德要求自己，职业伦理、行业自律是专业素养提升的基本保障。

景观学的核心专业技能在于：其一，拥有统筹项目落地的专业能力。任何项目都是包括项目建议、评估策划、规划、设计、方案深化、施工图设计、施工、监理、验收、建成使用后评价、使用和维护等复杂环节的结构体系，景观设计师是当仁不让的统领项目全过程的最佳角色！其二，具备完成循证设计所需的设计知识、方法与价值观念，以及做好交叉学科和跨学科实践研究的能力。合格的景观设计师能够从跨学科与跨领域知识、场地、使用者、审美、社会责任和设计语言等方面构建设计的逻辑框架。其三，拥有通过设计助推城市居民观念和生活方式转型的能力，景观设计师应当是通往未知和未来的创新实践的引领者与倡导者。其四，具备倾听、沟通、表达、协作和合作的能力，包括谦和的态度、清晰的语言和灵活多样的交流与表达手段。其五，拥有与时俱进及终身学习、应用前沿技术和现学现用能力。设计是关乎“改变”的职业，鲜有设计师会一直做相似的项目或只在一地做项目，学习新知识和保持良好的工作习惯对于掌握层出不穷的新技术和满足不断变化的条件与场景需求至关重要。^[5]~[8]

景观设计师如果能够推动建设“走路无需看路的城市”和“遇到石头都能说三句话”的人和人之间彼此信任的和谐家园，那么景观学的社会地位就一定不可替代。《无障碍环境建设法》的实施为设计师创造了这样的机会^[6]~[10]，这要求我们做到：第一，统筹景观工程落地的全过程，做到从方案建议到设计、施工和使用维护“一路向好”来取得满意成果；第二，通过精心设计的细节带来对人的无微不至的关怀和令人惊叹的美；第三，转变观念，包括对人、对自然的态度，以及对自我的反思与重构，能够适应多样的环境和多变的社会需求；第四，推进跨学科、跨领域的研究与实践，包括但远不局限于建筑学、城市规划、景观设计学，以及法学、社会学、经济学、老年学、信息技术、神经科学、精神健康、心理与行为科学、产品设计、材料科学、工程管理等学科间的合作；第五，将无障碍环境建设作为气候适应性城市建设的途径。

总而言之，设计关乎时代使命的思想表达。景观学作为美丽中国事业和可持续发展落地和的支撑性学科，能否引领未来，取决于我们是否愿意从专业准入门槛、专业技术水平、专业教育和行业自律等方面不断提高对自身要求。

Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban and Regional Planning are three major professions leading urban and rural development and ecological conservation in the United States^[1]. Although having clear boundaries, they are complementary each other to fulfill professional responsibilities in related fields. Although contemporary Landscape Architecture has been introduced for more than seventy years in China, it has not become an applied profession with mature market and well-defined social responsibility as expected. Instead, landscape architects have often been criticized for being “easily qualified” and “low technic requirements,” resulting in unsatisfactory social recognition. Such issues have long-time hindered the development of Landscape Architecture profession and education in China, as well as its public perception^[2]~[5].

How to be qualified for practicing Landscape Architecture? And what are the core means of this profession? Combining with nearly twenty years’ continuous exploration, the author attempts to answer these questions by proposing the suggestions for landscape architects’ professional qualification as the followings^[1]~[4][6]:

First, landscape architects should have knowledge about relevant laws. Since 2015, Landscape Architecture has become a profession with lifelong responsibility, for which both The Environmental Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China (effective on January 1, 2015) and The Barrier-Free Environment Creation Law of the People’s Republic of China (effective on September 1, 2023) have raised explicit requirements. These two laws together with The Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China and other laws set the legal requirements for landscape architects.

Second, landscape architects should be familiar with relevant design and engineering norms, including General Codes for Accessibility of Buildings and Municipal Engineering Projects (GB 55019-2021, effective on April 1, 2022) and relevant standards in specific fields in dealing with actual projects.

Third, landscape architects should have empathy and professional common sense, create the built-environment by “thinking ahead of users’ needs,” taking the mission to devote themselves to persons, to the vulnerable, to the details, and to the future.

Fourth, landscape architects should have professional competency. Laws and the society demand landscape architects in various aspects—ensuring public interests, caring for user safety and health, improving well-beings of human and other creatures, maintaining ecosystem health and sustainability, provisioning of ecosystem services, and exploring adaptive solutions for global climate change—which all call for proactivity.

Fifth, landscape architects should hold rigid professional ethics and accept industry self-regulation, which guarantee the growth of the profession.

The professional core means, covering skills, techniques, and methods of landscape architects, include the following aspects. First, the competence to coordinate project implementation. Any project should be established within a “whole-process architecture,” ranging from proposal, assessment, planning, design, detail plans, construction design, construction, supervision, acceptance inspection, to post-occupation evaluation, and maintenance. Landscape architects are the best actor to manage the whole process! Second, landscape architects have the design knowledge, techniques, and value system to conduct evidence-based design, and the ability for cross- and inter-disciplinary research. Qualified landscape architects can construct a logical framework for design at least covering interdisciplinary knowledge, site, users, aesthetics, social responsibility, and design language. Third, landscape architects have the ability to transform citizens’ perceptions and lifestyles through design interventions, and should be leaders in advocating innovative practices towards the unknown and the future. Fourth, the professionals should have an open mind for communication, be good at expression, and embrace collaboration and cooperation, which require landscape architects have a humble attitude, explicit language, and flexible and diverse means of communication and expression. Fifth, landscape architects need to prepare for lifelong learning, be able to update their knowledge and apply advanced techniques with times, and can practice by immidiate learning. Landscape Architecture is a profession of changes. Few of them would do the same type of projects or practice only at a same city or region all the time, which makes it crucial to keep learning new knowledge and maintain good working habits to master infinite new technologies and meeting the demands of ever-changing conditions and scenarios.^[5]~[8]

If landscape architects can truly promote the construction of harmonious cities where people live in safe, joyful environment and trust each other, we will gain an irreplaceable social recognition. Now the enactment of The Barrier-Free Environment Creation Law has offered such an opportunity^[6]~[10]. First, we need to be the landscape project coordinator to pursue a satisfactory result by doing better step by step in the whole process; second, care for people and create breathtaking beauty through meticulous and detailed design; third, change mind and attitudes about people, nature, and embrace self-reflection, to adapt to diverse environmental conditions and changing social needs; fourth, promote cross- and inter-disciplinary research and practice, including but not limited to Architecture, Urban and Regional Planning, Landscape Architecture, Law, Sociology, Economics, Gerontology, Information Technology, Neuroscience, Mental Health, Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, Product Design, Material Sciences, and Engineering Management; and fifth, make barrier-free environmental construction an approach to realizing the development of climate-adaptive cities.

In sum, design is the expression of thoughts on the mission of the times. As a discipline that supports the construction of Beautiful China and sustainable development, whether Landscape Architecture can lead the future urban development depends on how we will continuously improve the standards of professional qualification, skills, techniques, methods, education, and self-regulation.

REFERENCE

[1]   Yu, K., & Li, D. (2005). Landscape Architecture: The Profession and Education. China Architecture & Building Press.

[2]   Yu, K. (1998). Challenges and opportunities for China’s Landscape Architecture in the light of the three development stages of the world Landscape Architecture. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 14(1), 17–21.

[3]   Yang, Y. (2021). A brief history of Chinese Landscape Architecture discipline. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37(1), 6–11.

[4]   Zhang, J., & Yang, R. (2021). Development of world Landscape Architecture discipline. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37(1), 12–15.

[5]   Li, D. (2020). Struggles and opportunities of the discipline and profession of Landscape Architecture in China’s territorial spatial planning reform. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 8(1), 84–91.

[6]   Yu, K. (2005). The Art of Survival. China Architecture & Building Press.

[7]   Lv, S. (2022). Advance the construction of inclusive cities for all via statutory powers. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 10(3), 4–7.

[8]   Li, D., Zhuge, X., & Chen, S. (2023). The development history of the U.S. Barrier-Free Environment Legal System and its inspiration. Environmental and Resources Law Review, (14), 183–213.

[9]   Li, D., & Lu, Q. (2023). Reconstructing the qualification and education system of China’s planning and design profession. The City of People, Empowered by Planning: Proceedings of the Annual National Planning Conference 2023. China Architecture & Building Press.

[10]  Editorial Board of Beijing Future Accessibility Environment. (2023). Beijing Future Accessibility Environment. China Architecture & Building Press.

主编寄语

中国景观设计职业准入门槛与核心专业技能／李迪华

论文

社交媒体文本数据分析方法对比与适用性研究：以北京市城市公园感知为例／尚珍宇，程可欣，简钰清，王志芳

提供荫凉的树木——针对缓和城市局地气候的树木形态类型学描述框架／勒内·范·德·维德，萨斯凯亚·德·威特，米希尔·鲍得罗伊真

阮朝时期越南古典园林探索——与中国古典园林的比较研究／杜谦·陈，玛丽亚·伊格纳提瓦，罗桑格拉·特诺里奥

观点与评论

协作式生态更新——采用适应性工具包重塑生态基础设施并以北京市实践为例／张驰

海岸、社会行动与建筑生产：评《社在必行：中国的建筑与城市》／苏畅

探索与过程

水文飞地：深圳非供水水库的适应性管理／孙曙阳

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】李迪华（LI Dihua），尚珍宇（SHANG Zhenyu），程可欣（CHENG Kexin），简钰清（JIAN Yuqing）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】91页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2023年10月

社交媒体文本数据分析方法对比与适用性研究：以北京市城市公园感知为例

Comparison and Applicability Study of Analysis Methods for Social Media Text Data: Taking Perception of Urban Parks in Beijing as an Example

作者：尚珍宇，程可欣，简钰清，王志芳 Zhenyu SHANG, Kexin CHENG, Yuqing JIAN, Zhifang WANG

摘要

互联网科技和媒体的蓬勃发展产生了大量社交媒体数据，基于自发评论文本进行社会感知分析逐渐成为研究热点，也开始被应用于城市公园使用情况和情感认知的研究中。鉴于现有研究大都应用单一的文本分析方法，本研究尝试开展社交媒体文本数据分析方法的对比研究，并揭示其在公园感知研究中的优缺点和适用性。研究选择在相关领域广泛应用的词典模型和LDA模型，以大众点评网站上北京10座城市公园的点评文本为研究数据，分别从单个公园和公园整体使用感知两个层面进行文本分析，并对比分析感知主题的分类结果。结果表明：词典模型更有利于在公园间进行横向对比分析；LDA模型则可以直观显示公园特色和游客感知偏好；综合运用两种模型可优化公园感知评估。两种方法揭示了北京城市公园游客对公园的关注主要集中于社交活动的需求、自然景观带来的视觉审美需求，以及交通设施状况和城市公园消费情况。本研究既可为社交媒体文本分析方法的选择和使用提供优化建议，又可为公园建设与管理改进提供依据与指导。

关键词

社会感知；文本分析；词典；隐含狄利克雷分布（LDA）；城市公园；景观感知

Abstract 

The booming Internet technology and media have generated large sets of social media data, with which the social sensing analyses based on users’ reviews have become a research hotspot and have been increasingly applied in the study of urban park usage and perception. However, most existing studies adopt a single model for text data processing. To fill this gap, this study aims to compare social media text data analysis methods and assess their advantages, disadvantages and applicability in park perception research. The Lexicon-based classification analysis model (lexicon model) and LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) model widely used in relevant research were selected. Based on text data obtained from public reviews of 10 urban parks in Beijing on Dianping, this study explored the perception topic distribution of each park and all parks in general, and compared the classification results of perception topics between these two models. Results show that the lexicon model is conducive to the parallel comparison of perception frequency between parks, while the LDA model can directly reflect each park’s characteristics and visitors’ perception preferences; the combined use of the two models can optimize park perception assessment. Results from the two methods reveal that visitors to urban parks in Beijing focused more on their social recreation needs and visual aesthetics brought by the natural landscape, as well as conditions of the transportation facilities and the consumption in the parks. This research can provide optimization suggestions for the selection and use of social media text analysis methods, and a basis and guidance for park construction and management improvement.

Keywords

Social Sensing; Text Analysis; Lexicon; Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) ; Urban Park; Landscape Perception

提供荫凉的树木——针对缓和城市局地气候的树木形态类型学描述框架

Cool Tree Architecture: A Descriptive Framework for a Tree Architecture Typology to Temper Urban Microclimates

作者：勒内·范·德·维德，萨斯凯亚·德·威特，米希尔·鲍得罗伊真 René van der VELDE*, Saskia de WIT, Michiel POUDEROIJEN

摘要

作为城市森林的基本单元，树木可通过遮荫和蒸腾，以及改变空气流动等途径来调节城市局地气候中的极端高温。然而，目前用来衡量不同树种遮荫效果的指标还很有限，因此需要开发一种新的方法来填补。本文提出了一种通过对影响太阳辐射反射率、吸收率和透射率等树木物理特性进行结构化描述来筛选树种的方法。这一描述性框架基于“树木结构”概念——树木结构已发展成为植物研究领域中一个专门研究植物的外观、形态和发育过程的方向。该框架包含了树冠、枝干和树叶三大总体特征中的多个子形态特征，可用于探究“可提供荫凉的树木形态类型学”（Cool Tree Architecture Typology，C-TAT），并将具有共同物理特征的树种进行分类。通过树木的野外对照实验观察，进一步细化了子形态特征，形成了新的描述指标，成为了C-TAT分类的关键。C-TAT适用于大西洋气候带等地区的城市中的树种形态类型划分，可对现有树木进行更快速的评估和降温绩效计算，并有助于树木管理者对城市开发项目中的树木制定更准确的热性能标准。本文也从城市局地气候的角度丰富了树木结构的研究内涵与方法。

关键词

树木结构；城市热岛；气候适应；城市局地气候调节；可提供荫凉的树木形态类型学

Abstract 

As the elementary unit of the urban forest, trees temper thermal extremes in urban microclimates through shading and evapotranspiration, and by altering the movement of air. Metrics on shade performances of different species, however, are currently limited, which can be remedied by the development of a method to describe the range of species and cultivars via a structured overview of physical characteristics impacting radiation reflectivity, absorptivity, and transmissivity. This paper proposes a descriptive framework based on the concept of “tree architecture,” which has developed into a recognized field of plant study from the perspective of their physiognomy, morphology, and morphogenesis. The framework describes various architectural sub-traits within the overall trait categories of Crown, Wood, and Foliage. The descriptive framework can be used to develop a “Cool Tree Architecture Typology” (C-TAT), in which trees can be organized into similar types based on common physical characteristics. Further elaboration of sub-traits using observations of trees in controlled field laboratories resulted in new derivative classes for use as key in classifications for the C-TAT. The C-TAT can be used to organize the many species and cultivars occurring in, for example, Cfb Atlantic climate zone cities, to a lesser number of architectural types. This allows for more rapid evaluation and cooling performance calculations of tree inventories and can also be of value in assisting tree managers to propose more accurate thermal performance standards for trees in urban projects. The elaboration of tree architecture from an urban microclimate perspective complements existing elaborations and approaches in the field of tree architecture.

Keywords

Tree Architecture; Urban Heat Island; Climate Adaptation; Urban Microclimate Amelioration; Cool Tree Architecture Typology

阮朝时期越南古典园林探索——与中国古典园林的比较研究

Exploring Classical Vietnamese Gardens Under the Nguyen Dynasty: A Comparative Study With Chinese Counterparts

作者：杜谦·陈，玛丽亚·伊格纳提瓦，罗桑格拉·特诺里奥 Duy Khiem TRAN, Maria IGNATIEVA, Rosangela TENORIO

摘要

本文通过研究历史文献、绘画和现存园林，探讨了越南阮朝时期（1802－1945）建造的古典园林的类型和特点。依据研究结果，作者将越南古典园林划分为两类：皇家园林和皇家陵园。研究通过大量对比明清时期的中国园林实例，认为越南园林受到中国文化的深刻影响，并展现出许多与中国园林相似的特点与元素。园林布局、亭台楼阁的建筑风格、假山、水体、桥梁等园林元素，以及植物材料的运用都受到中国文化的影响，但又根据当地的气候条件和园主的喜好进行了调整。例如，二者在水景、桥梁、植物品种、石材等元素的排布和设计上都有所不同。深入了解越南古典园林的文化意义和独特性有助于促进相关保护和修复工作。通过剖析和比较中国和越南园林的设计思想，本研究揭示了东亚园林设计多样的表现形式和适应性。

关键词

越南古典园林；皇家园林；皇家陵园；阮朝；中国古典园林；道家思想；儒家思想；自然

Abstract 

This paper explores the typologies and characteristics of classical Vietnamese gardens built in the Nguyen Dynasty (1802–1945) by examining historical records, paintings, and existing gardens. The findings highlight the presence of two distinct types of classical gardens in Vietnam: imperial gardens and imperial mausoleum gardens. Numerous examples from Chinese gardens constructed during the Ming and Qing Dynasties are employed for comparison with Vietnamese gardens. Influenced by Chinese culture, Vietnamese gardens exhibit numerous shared characteristics and elements with their Chinese counterparts. Layouts, architectural styles of pavilions, garden elements such as rockeries, ponds, and bridges, as well as plant materials were inspired by Chinese gardens, yet they were adapted to align with local conditions, such as climate and garden owners’ preferences. For example, the arrangement and design of some elements, like waterscapes and bridges, species of plants and stone materials were different. Understanding the cultural significance and uniqueness of Vietnamese classical gardens contributes to their preservation and restoration. By recognizing and comparing the philosophical approaches to garden design in China and Vietnam, this research sheds light on the diverse expressions and adaptations of garden design in East Asia.

Keywords

Classical Vietnamese Gardens; Imperial Gardens; Imperial Mausoleum Gardens; Nguyen Dynasty; Classical Chinese Gardens; Taoism; Confucianism; Nature

协作式生态更新——采用适应性工具包重塑生态基础设施并以北京市实践为例

Collaborative Ecological Regeneration—An Adaptable Toolkit for Reviving Ecological Infrastructures With Case Study on Beijing’s Practices

作者：张驰 Chi ZHANG

摘要

在全球可持续生态城市建设浪潮中，北京以“和谐宜居之都”为目标，基于生态安全格局制定《北京城市总体规划（2016—2035）》，并在中心城区实施了一系列生态基础设施改造项目。本研究基于生态都市主义理论，指出这些城市更新实践是联系城市绿色愿景与个人日常行为的关键。本文构建了一个包含环境生态、社会生态和心理生态三个维度的理论框架，并设定了生态更新实践的三重评价要点：修复生态基础设施、激活社区、重建社会－环境共生关系。本文据此评估北京首钢工业遗址公园项目的城市更新过程，发现其中有机会构建景观与公众参与活动、市民环保行动的关联。本文提出改进的实践模式——“协作式生态更新”，强调结合中尺度景观更新与市民参与，并提供包含三个维度上设计策略的适应性工具包，在修复中小尺度生态基础设施的同时，可形成包容性社会协作平台并提升个人环境意识。其中的关键工具“城市原型”既能联系不同维度上的策略，又可将实践经验概念化，进而应用于构建新策略。作为示范，本文将之应用于北京中心城区实践，展示出这种新的实践模式的开放式城市更新过程，在适应不同城市条件与利益相关者需求的过程中形成新的城市原型，可有助于逐步构建北京的绿色未来。

关键词

城市更新；生态基础设施；协作式生态更新；包容性社会协作；社会－环境共生关系；城市原型；公众参与；首钢工业遗址公园

Abstract 

In the background of developing sustainable cities worldwide, Beijing aims at “a harmonious and livable city” with Master Plan of Beijing (2016–2035) based on Ecological Security Patterns and a series of renewal projects on ecological infrastructure in the central city. Based on Ecological Urbanism, this study pointed out such practices can help link this green vision to individuals’ actions. The theoretical lens consists of environmental, social and mental ecology, and provides triad indicators for regenerative ecological practices—restore ecological infrastructure, revive neighborhoods, rebuild social-environmental bond. Critical evaluation of an exemplar—Shougang Industry Services Park project revealed gaps on relating landscape with users’ engagement and individuals’ everyday actions. An evolved practice model—“collaborative ecological regeneration” was proposed, to integrate intermediary landscapes transformation with participation. It is supported by an adaptable toolkit including strategies on three aspects to care for EI components, form inclusive social collaboration and raise environmental awareness. The key tool “Urban Prototypes” can connect tactics across layers, conceptualize previous practices, and link to future ones, with proposed application to Beijing inner-city practices setting a few examples. This new mode indicates an open-ended regeneration process, while Urban Prototypes could be adapted to urban dynamics and stakeholders’ desires.

Keywords

Urban Regeneration; Ecological Infrastructure; Collaborative Ecological Regeneration; Inclusive Social Collaboration; Socio-Environmental Bond; Urban Prototypes; Public Participation; Shougang Industry Services Park

海岸、社会行动与建筑生产：评《社在必行：中国的建筑与城市》

The Coast, Social Actions, and Architectural Production: A Review of The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China

作者：苏畅 Chang SU

摘要

我们能否客观地思辨中国过去四十年的建筑生产？我们应如何梳理、理解这场人类历史上前所未有的建成景观之变化？在《社在必行：中国的建筑与城市》一书中，编者黄向军从自身历时三年的研究出发，汇集了一份反映伴随着经济改革，中国的建筑与社会多重纠葛的“资料”。这篇书评在建筑与地理的探究视角下——即中国沿海与内陆地区之间和谐发展的社会经济关系——通过分析不同地理形态下建筑的“社会内核”，尝试横向解读这本汇聚了多学科思想结晶的文集，帮助实践者和广大读者了解建筑和城市发展进程背后的复杂力量，为中国、周边地区及其他国家的建筑师应在未来建筑生产过程中担当怎样的角色提供了启发。

关键词

建筑；建筑生产；城市；社会；沿海地区；内陆地区；地理；《社在必行：中国的建筑与城市》

Abstract 

Is it possible to intellectually grasp the production of architecture in China over the past four decades? How should we make sense of such an unprecedented transformation of the built landscape in human history? Based on a three-year study by the editor H. Koon Wee, the book The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China presents a “sourcebook” that gathers multiple entanglements between architecture and society of China’s economic reform era. This review attempts to provide an architectural-geographical perspective for readers to dive into this deep volume of collected essays: the socio-economic rapport between China’s coastal regions and the hinterland. By situating architecture’s “social imperatives” between geographies, this review presents a lateral reading across this multidisciplinary volume of work that would inform both practitioners and the broader audience on understanding the complex forces behind the process of architecture and the city, and contemplating the future role of the architect in, around, and beyond China.

Keywords

Architecture; Architectural Production; City; Society; Coastal Region; Hinterland; Geography; The Social Imperative: Architecture and the City in China

水文飞地：深圳非供水水库的适应性管理

Hydrological Enclaves: Adaptive Management of Non-Water Supply Reservoirs in Shenzhen, China

作者：孙曙阳 Shuyang SUN

摘要

本文重点关注深圳的城市水域，尤其是自2019年跨城区集中化供水工程启动以来正在经历快速转变的小型水库。该供水工程的任务包括提升深圳市的跨流域调水能力（西江引水）、建设两个储水量超过1亿立方米的大型水库，以及推动废弃小型水库的退役。水库的退役过程是指将无法支持供水管理系统集中高效运作的小型水库从饮用水源供水水库改造为非饮用水源供水水库，随之降级的水源保护政策使小型水库极易受到城市发展的威胁，进而引发一系列生态和社会经济问题。

“水文飞地”一词揭示了深圳即将退役的小型水库背后三个相互关联的现实：首先，这些水库被高密度城市环境所包围，形成了独特的形态；其次，它们的存在长期不为公众知晓与关注；第三，它们与所属的更大尺度的景观系统之间存在复杂的水文社会关系，暗示了潜在的景观干预空间。本项目建议将这类小型水库作为分散的离网供水系统水源，以期提高当地的供水韧性。与此同时，从并网水基础设施向离网水基础设施的转变需要借助新的分流域管理方案来确保水源的储量与质量。

本文呈现了一个迭代的设计–研究过程，重点关注位于深圳市塘朗山西北山脚的一系列小型水库。在探究场地复杂生态水文关系及景观所蕴含机遇与挑战的同时，也对银湖山郊野公园将这些非饮用水源供水水库排除在管理边界之外的现状提出了质疑。项目提出的水利基础设施同时可发挥必要的教育功能，通过策划的视觉和触觉体验向人们展示景观性能及其与水安全之间的重要联系。

关键词

水安全；供水水库；非供水水库；水利基础设施；教育设施；深圳

Abstract 

This research focuses on Shenzhen’s “urban waters,” particularly small-sized reservoirs that are undergoing rapid transformations due to the cross-municipality water supply centralization project launched in 2019, which includes the expansion of trans-basin water transfer capacity, the completion of Shenzhen’s first-ever two large-sized reservoirs, and the decommissioning of small-sized reservoirs. Applying an iterative design-research process, this project focuses on a chain of small reservoirs located along the northwestern foothills of Tanglang Mountain and uses the term “Hydrological Enclaves” to reveal the three interconnected realities of these soon-to-be decommissioned small-sized reservoirs in Shenzhen. First, it indicates their unique morphology of being surrounded by dense urban fabric; second, it refers to the fact that these small-sized reservoirs have long been “out of sight, out of mind” for that their existence is rarely known by the public; and third, it reveals the complex hydrosocial relationships between reservoirs and the larger landscape system of which they are part. This project aims to adapt these soon-to-be decommissioned small-sized reservoirs into decentralized off-grid water sources to increase local water resiliency. Simultaneously, the proposed water infrastructure also plays a much-needed educational role where visual and tactile experiences are curated to exhibit landscape performance and its critical connection with water security.

Keywords

Water Security; Water Supply Reservoir; Non-Water Supply Reservoir; Water Infrastructure; Educational Infrastructure; Shenzhen