《景观设计学》2023年第4期

地形学能否助力完善景观设计方法？

Can Topography Facilitate the Refinement of  Landscape Design Methods?

（陈洁萍，《景观设计学》2023年第4期“主编寄语”）

景观是个模糊多义的概念——它既是我们眼中的缤纷世界，也是一种观看世界的方式。故而，景观概念始终存在于主观与客观、个人与社会的对立统一中^[1]，使我们难于从中提炼出既专业科学又对艺术表达保持敏感度和开放性的景观设计方法。

地形作为景观的基本要素之一，同样具有模糊性——它虽代表的是真实、具体的人类立足之地，却往往被忽视，只有那些处于人的感知范围内且富有特色的地形才会被直接感知。更多时候，我们关注到的是绘制在图纸上、制作于模型中的地形。这些经过想象加工的抽象图形图像代表着我们对世界的一种理解，也暗示着我们与真实世界的距离。

对地形的感知、理解和设计是景观设计从业者的基本能力，也是景观工程实践必须直面的核心问题。从场地调研到设计，从小尺度场地到国土空间，地形既是景观设计的对象，也是构建景观的媒介。从地理学发展而来的传统地形学（Topography），由于过于强调技术，只能反映出地形的抽象特征，而与人文感知日渐偏离。这造成了景观设计中对地形的单一化解读和程式化操作，使地形设计往往被简化为竖向设计。

人类世背景下的地形是自然的，更是人工的。随着地形测绘和设计技术不断地更新迭代，愈发先进的地形、地物呈现方式展现出复杂且持续演变的人地关系。我们需要更深入地探讨地形的丰富内涵之于景观设计的意义——尤其是关于地形所承载的科学与感知的双面性，以及将二者联系在一起所激发的无限可能性。这将推动地形学的研究突破尺度的限制与学科的边界，地形设计或将成为最能完整地将专业科学与艺术表现力相结合的景观设计途径之一，并促进风景园林学科核心竞争力的提升。

Landscape is an ambiguous and multifaceted concept. It is not only the diverse world we see, but also a way to see the world. Therefore, the concept of landscape has always been entangled in the unity and opposition between subjectivity and objectivity^[1], individuals and society, making it difficult to extract professional and scientific landscape design methods that maintain sensitivity and openness to artistic expressions.

Terrain, as a fundamental element of landscapes, is also ambiguous. Although referring to the physical space where we live, it often goes unnoticed. Only when the terrain is distinctive enough and its scale is within the range of human perception, can it be directly sensed. Most of the time, we pay attention to the terrain depicted on maps or represented in models. These representations have been abstracted and imagined, expressing our understanding of the world and implying the distance between us and reality.

The perception, understanding, and manipulation of terrain are not only fundamental skills for landscape architects, but also key issues to be addressed in landscape engineering practice. From site surveys to landscape design and from small-scale sites to national territories, terrain is always the object of landscape design and a medium for manipulation. Developed from Geography, the traditional Topography overemphasizes the technical aspects, only reflecting the abstract characteristics of terrain but detaching from human’s cultural perception. This has resulted in a single interpretation of terrain and stereotyped practice in landscape design, where topographical design is always simplified into terrain grading.

In the era of Anthropocene, terrain is becoming more artificial, rather than natural. As the techniques for terrain mapping and manipulation are constantly evolving, more and more advantaged presentation of terrain and surface features reflects the complex and changing human-land relationship. It is imperative that we explore in-depth how the rich connotation of topography can facilitate refining landscape design, especially regarding the dual natures of terrain, both from scientific and perceptive aspects. This exploration opens up infinite possibilities for linking science and perception in relation to terrain. In this process, topographical studies will be promoted to break through the limits of scale and the boundaries of disciplines. Topographical design may also be one of the most comprehensive landscape design approaches to unifying scientific knowledge and artistic expressions. In realizing this goal, the core competitiveness of Landscape Architecture will undoubtedly be enhanced.

REFERENCE

[1] Cosgrove, D. (2022). Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape (J. Li, Trans.) (pp. 13–23). The Commercial Press. (Original work published 1984)

主编寄语

地形学能否助力完善景观设计方法？／陈洁萍

新闻

俞孔坚获2023年科妮莉亚·哈恩·奥伯兰德国际风景园林奖

论文

湄公河和西贡内河三角洲的抵抗力、韧性、水文环境及动态变化的地形学研究／布鲁诺·德·缪尔德，凯利·香农

中国传统园林假山营造的地形学理解／顾凯

观点与评论

地形学是景观设计的基础——对话凯伦·麦克洛斯基与基思·范德赛／凯伦·麦克洛斯基，基思·范德赛

基于空间的景观场地认知：景观设计基础课程的教学理念与方法探讨／刘京一，陈崇贤

高山上的房子——“景观建筑”中三种不同的地形学方法／唐克扬

孙筱祥与劳伦斯·哈普林的文化邂逅／慕晓东，朱育帆

探索与过程

与植物世民为伴：从植物人文倡议到植南门市部／江垚

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】陈洁萍（CHEN Jieping），布鲁诺·德·缪尔德（Bruno De MEULDER），凯利·香农（Kelly SHANNON）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】121页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2023年8月

湄公河和西贡内河三角洲的抵抗力、韧性、水文环境及动态变化的地形学研究

Topographies of Resistance, Resilience, Bathymetrical Realities, and Dynamics of the Mekong and Sài Gòn-Đồng Nai Deltas

作者：布鲁诺·德·缪尔德，凯利·香农 Bruno De MEULDER, Kelly SHANNON

摘要

湄公河三角洲和西贡内河三角洲与大多数三角洲一样，通常被认为是一个广阔、相对平坦的动态水域，其特点是水体形态丰富多样，生物栖息地众多。在这种过于简化的理解之下，古代和现代工程学为了在人造生产性和保护性景观中建设抽象意义上的有序而静态的景观结构，将整个交错群落区彻底转变为干湿分明的区域，海拔和水湿条件的流动梯度也逐渐被固定的海拔高度所取代。大规模攫取式的单一耕作在带来巨大收获的同时，也造成了生态和生物多样性的丧失，而且这种丧失在很大程度上是无法修复的。本文批判性地揭示了三角洲的历史发展与其顺势地形之间的关系：如何利用地形来制定生产景观、居住环境和基础设施的发展规划，以及如何将地形与宇宙世界观和领土地缘政治联系起来。通过案例研究，本文揭示了本土知识体系及实践利用地形改造所进行的特定社会文化再生产。通常而言，边缘地区的大量当地实践要么逃脱了无情的“现代化”进程，要么在当地适应和／或巧妙地颠覆了强加的超秩序，体现了（对人类颠覆力和大自然地质力）强大的抵抗力和韧性。这些土地管理实践案例的侵扰性和控制性各不相同，但都强调了三角洲仍然是一个在文化、宗教和生产上都因地形变化而产生微妙变化的地区。同时，三角洲的自然地貌和地形显然具有不断变化的内在特性——这既是一种天然的资产，也是一种脆弱的劣势。

关键词

微地形；沼泽；淤泥；水湿情况；越南；柬埔寨；湄公河和西贡内河三角洲；抵抗力；韧性

Abstract 

The Mekong Delta (across Cambodia and Vietnam) and the Sài Gòn-Đồng Nai Delta (where Ho Chi Minh City is embedded), like most deltas, are typically considered a vast, relatively flat water-dominated and dynamic territory characterized by always evolving variations of wetness, multiplying by that multitudes of biotopes. Ancient and modern engineering developed with this overly simplified preconception and subsequently radically transformed the entire ecotones into sharp and categorical distinctions of wet and dry, primarily to create productive and protective landscapes for humankind within abstractly ordered and static landscape structures. Fluid gradients in elevation and humidity were systematically replaced by fixed elevations. Extractive monocultures on massive scales resulted simultaneously in gigantic harvests but also the loss of ecology and biodiversity that is largely irrecoverable. The paper critically unravels the historical development of the deltas in relation to their homeopathic topography: how its manipulation framed development agendas—of productive landscapes, of settlement, and of infrastructure—and was linked to both cosmological worldviews and territorial geo-politics. The micro-topographies of the deltas were significantly altered by the mighty Khmer Empire and Nguyễn Dynasty and since the 19th century by French and American occupiers and subsequently by Cambodians and Vietnamese projects. The paper utilizes several case studies to reveal that IKSP (indigenous knowledge systems and practices) have harnessed topographical manipulation for context-specific socio-cultural reproduction. A host of local practices, often in peripheral geographies, has either escaped the relentless “modernization” process or locally adapted to and/or intelligently subverted the imposed supra-order. There is a strong resistance and resilience (subversive by humans and geological by the forces of nature including sea level rise and subsidence) to imposed topographical manipulation. The cases, arranged from the least to the most intrusive and controlling land management practices, underscore that the deltas remain a territory that is culturally, religiously, and productively nuanced by topographical transformation. At the same time, there is clearly an innate, ever-changing nature of deltaic physiography and topography, which is simultaneously an asset and a vulnerability.

Keywords

Micro-Topography; Quagmire; Mud; Degrees of Wetness; Vietnam; Cambodia; Resistance; Resilience

中国传统园林假山营造的地形学理解

Topographical Understanding of Artificial Mountain Making in Traditional Chinese Gardens

作者：顾凯 Kai GU

摘要

中国传统园林假山是特色鲜明的一类地形造景内容，但在当代景观理论视野中尚未得到深入而有效的探讨。本文从地形学的视角分析典型的中国传统园林假山营造，依据戴维·莱瑟巴罗关于建筑与景观营造文化中地形特征的理论结构认识，从形态、空间、时间三个方面探讨假山的地形造景理论。对于假山景象形态的营造，山、水二者的脉势都是关键考虑对象；对假山的空间体验，可从静、动两方面关注山境的安排；假山中的时间经营也是重要方面，无论景物自身还是游人体验都应关注山水在时间维度的生机活力。从而更深刻地认识假山的地形造景艺术，并对当代中国风景园林学科的理论与实践做出积极贡献。

关键词

中国传统园林；假山营造；地形学；形态；空间；时间；势；境；活

Abstract 

The artificial mountain in traditional Chinese gardens as a kind of topographical landscape features has not been deeply and constructively studied in contemporary landscape theories. This paper analyzes the typical artificial mountain making in traditional Chinese gardens from the perspective of topography, and discusses about the landscaping concepts in three aspects—form, space, and time—according to the understanding of the characteristics of topography in architecture and landscape culture proposed by David Leatherbarrow. For the making of form, the dynamism of both mountain and water is the key consideration. For the spatial experience, it should focus on the arrangement of mountain “realm” in both stillness and motion states. Time management is also important, and both the scenery itself and the experience of visitors should pay attention to the vitality of the mountain and water over time. This paper will help us understand the topographical landscaping art of artificial mountain better, contributing to the theory and practice development of Landscape Architecture in contemporary China.

Keywords

Traditional Chinese Gardens; Artificial Mountain Making; Topography; Form; Space; Time; Dynamism; Realm; Vitality

地形学是景观设计的基础——对话凯伦·麦克洛斯基与基思·范德赛

Topography as the Groundwork for Landscape Design—Interview With Karen M’Closkey and Keith VanDerSys

作者：凯伦·麦克洛斯基，基思·范德赛 Karen M’CLOSKEY, Keith VANDERSYS

摘要

对地形的感知与理解不仅是景观设计师的工作基础，也是景观建造实践中的一个核心问题。在本次访谈中，两位资深学者——来自美国的凯伦·麦克洛斯基与基思·范德赛深入探讨了景观设计学中地形测绘的理论基础与发展历史、图析对景观设计师观察场地与开展设计的影响、新兴导航与传感技术在理解与设计景观中的作用，以及运用先进的数字媒体丰富景观设计呈现形式的方法。最后，他们还分享了如何指导学生进行现场勘察并将之转化为设计的教学经验。

关键词

地形学；图析；地形塑造；地理参照数据；数字媒体工具；遥感；环境媒体

Abstract 

Perceiving and understanding topography is not only fundamental for landscape architects, but also a core issue in landscape construction practice. In this interview, two prominent scholars, Karen M’Closkey and Keith VanDerSys, offer their insights about the theoretical and historical foundations of topography in landscape architecture, the influence of mapping on landscape architects’ site observations and design actions, the role of new navigation and sensing technologies in understanding and designing landscapes, and the enriched visualization methods for landscape design by advanced digital media. Finally, they also share their teaching experience in training students about site surveying and its translation into design responses.

Keywords

Topography; Mapping; Land-forming; Geo-referenced Data; Digital Media Tools; Remote Sensing; Environmental Media

基于空间的景观场地认知：景观设计基础课程的教学理念与方法探讨

Space-based Landscape Site Perception: Teaching Principles and Methods for the Basic Course of Landscape Architecture

作者：刘京一，陈崇贤 Jingyi LIU, Chongxian CHEN

摘要

以景观场地的认知取代抽象的构成训练正在成为景观设计基础课程教学的重要趋势。然而，如果缺乏易于切入的关注对象、易于理解的设计意义和针对设计学习的练习方法，场地认知练习可能难以实现基础课程的目标。基于理论分析和教学实践，本文试图深入探讨场地认知的设计意义、关注对象和练习方法。本文认为，由于景观设计源于对场地特质的感悟和调动，对景观场地的体验需要先于造型训练，成为设计学习的基础。以人为尺度的空间实现了要素、结构、过程与感受的连接，且更易感知、表达和设计，因而适合作为基础教学中场地认知的主要对象和切入点。本文介绍了5种景观场地的认知与表达方法，包括空间速写、剖面序列、谱记、草图模型和空间结构图析。这些方法为场地认知提供了可视化、可操作的载体，同时也包含了初步的设计思维训练，可为场地认知在景观设计基础教学中的实施提供参考。

关键词

景观设计；基础课程；场地认知；构成；空间表达；教学理念与方法

Abstract 

Replacing abstract form-making training with the perception of landscape site has been an important trend in the basic course of landscape architecture. Based on theoretical research and the authors’ teaching practice, this article aims to explore the significance, objects, and methods of site perception training. The authors argue that because landscape design is stemmed from the perception and interpretation of site characteristics, experiencing landscape sites must precede form-making training to become the foundation of design learning. Human-scale spaces that concern elements, structure, processes, and feelings for perception, representation, and design would be a suitable object of focus and the starting point for site perception training in basic courses. Five methods for landscape site perception and representation are introduced then, including sketch of space, sequential sections, notation, sketch model, and spatial structure mapping. These methods provide a visualized and operable pathway for site perception, which also involve preliminary design training, offering a reference for the teaching of site perception in basic courses of landscape architecture.

Keywords

Landscape Design; Basic Course; Site Perception; Composition; Spatial Representation; Teaching Principles and Methods

高山上的房子——“景观建筑”中三种不同的地形学方法

A Building Rising From the Hilltop—Three Topographical Approaches to Building in a Landscape

作者：唐克扬 Keyang TANG

摘要

位于中国西南边陲的“高山上的房子”项目是一次建筑借助景观的“写作”——建筑本身缺乏语境，是“自然”让项目所在的城市得以成立，也让项目自身得以充满意味。从自然地形到人工地形、到再塑造的地形，本文讨论了一个特殊的建造项目中包含的三种不同的景观－建筑议题，也就是单体建筑项目需要寻求与广义的历史－环境的上下文之间的精准联系，需要寻求建筑学原则和工程实际的平衡点。人工构筑物和地形的最初关系可能是互相脱离甚至有所冲突的，建筑学方法试图协调不同尺度和不同功能的诉求。最终，在不寻常的建筑和景观语境之间，使用建筑的人们将走向两者间开放和有效的对话。

关键词

景观－建筑；地形；地形学；攀枝花；山地建筑；语境

Abstract 

This essay writes on a building project in the remote southwestern China that is built in uninhabited and is inspired and informed by its landscape context. The essay discusses how an extraordinary building project reacts to three different dimensions about landscape–architecture—a natural terrain being manipulated and recast. A small building needs to find its precise connecting point to a much larger historical and environmental context. A practical project needs to reach a balance between architectural pursuits and engineering concerns. Initially, artificial works might be isolated from and in conflict with the terrain, which requires architectural approaches to reconciling the demands at different scales and of functions. Finally, people who use the building will move forward to an effective and open dialogue between architecture and its landscape settings.

Keywords

Landscape–Architecture; Terrain; Topography; Panzhihua City; Mountainous Building; Context

孙筱祥与劳伦斯·哈普林的文化邂逅

Cultural Encounters of Landscape Architects Xiaoxiang Sun and Lawrence Halprin

作者：慕晓东，朱育帆 Xiaodong MU, Yufan ZHU

摘要

“从自然到自然”是景观设计的主要目标，前者是观念维度上的自然，即，景观设计师把自然视为创作原型；后者是体验维度上的自然，即，景观设计师希望通过景观营造使人感知自然氛围；实现两种自然状态之间的转化指的便是景观设计过程，同时景观的物质形式也诞生于此。因此，本文研究的议题有三：1）作为造景理论的原点，自然扮演着什么样的角色；2）作为观念的自然又如何推动景观设计的赋形；3）景观营造又具有何种与自然有关的审美体验。本文聚焦于两位世界级别的风景园林大师孙筱祥和劳伦斯·哈普林，在比较文化的视域下，从对自然的观念及再现、造景赋形的内在机制、景观营造的自然体验三方面内容深度剖析两位哲匠的理论和作品，旨在两位大师之间差异与共性的双向对话中，进一步探索当代景观设计理论的发展方向。

关键词

景观设计；自然观念；再现；赋形；体验；审美；风景园林

Abstract 

“From nature to nature” is the major goal of landscape design. The former is the idea of nature, i.e., landscape architects regard nature as the archetype of design; the latter is the experience of nature, i.e., landscape architects hope people can perceive the natural atmosphere through designed landscape. In this sense, the transformation from idea to experience of nature refers to the process of landscape design, which materializes landscape. According to this, this article focuses on the following topics: 1) what role does nature play as the origin of the landscape design theory; 2) how does nature as an idea promote form-giving in landscape design; and 3) what aesthetic experience does designed landscape create. This article draws on two influential landscape architects, Xiaoxiang Sun and Lawrence Halprin, and analyzes their theories and works from the perspective of comparative culture, including the idea of nature and its representation, the inherent mechanism of form-giving in landscape design, and the experience created by designed landscape. It aims to explore the intellectual potentials for contemporary landscape architecture theory through comparing the discrepancies and similarities of the two masters’ paths of landscape design.

Keywords

Landscape Design; Idea of Nature; Representation; Form-giving; Experience; Aesthetics; Landscape Architecture

与植物世民为伴：从植物人文倡议到植南门市部

Be Kin With the Plant Inhabitant: From Plant Humanities Initiative to Plant South Salesroom

作者：江垚 Yao JIANG

摘要

植物人文研究起源于环境人文领域。得益于美国敦巴顿橡树园研究图书馆于2018年设立的一项倡议，植物人文研究首次作为一个跨学科领域进入大众视野。同为有机生命体，植物身上兼具生物和文化属性，具有重要的社会文化意义。本文回顾了笔者在2020年植物人文暑期项目中邂逅植物人文研究、开展植物叙事研究，并回到中国联合发起“植南门市部”行动团队来推广“以植物为重”的理念的经历。为摒弃根深蒂固的植物盲症、开启科学与人文研究之间的潜在对话，该团队将植物人文研究本地化，并提出了更符合中文语境的“植物世民”一词。

迄今为止，植南门市部以研究为基础，结合文化内容创作和传播，已经在中国多个城市的本地文化空间开展了形式多样的公众参与实践活动：通过“植物行走”带领参与者在城市中漫游，对植物进行观察，并辅以植物人文相关的讲解与讨论；以击鼓传花的形式进行“植物访谈”，收集并分享大家在日常生活中和植物之间的故事；与本地文化空间合作，设立流动的“本地植物邮局”，邀请人们写下自己的植物故事，并进行社交媒体和线下展览的分享；还以“植物小报”的形式发表植物人文研究成果。参与者们开始通过这些活动欣赏植物的“原貌”，并逐渐建立与“植物世民”的伙伴关系。与此同时，公众的参与反馈和植物视角下的研究洞察也极大地丰富了现有的植物人文研究。

关键词

植物人文；以植物为重；植南门市部；植物世民；本地实践

Abstract 

Emerging from the discourse of environmental humanities, plant humanities debuted at Dumbarton Oaks in 2018 as an interdisciplinary field. As living species, plants possess both biological and cultural attributes, holding unparalleled socio-cultural significance. This article recollects the author’s journey of encountering plant humanities in the 2020 Plant Humanities Summer Program, and co-initiating an action group in China, Plant South Salesroom, to promote the burgeoning plant-matters idea among wider audience. Plant South Salesroom raised the phrase “Zhiwu Shimin” (植物世民, Plant Inhabitant) to get rid of the ingrained plant blindness and open potential dialogues between scientific and humanities studies. It makes the modified research framework of plant humanities more accessible. Rooted in the plant humanities studies, Plant South Salesroom has conducted diverse public-engaged practices at local cultural space, combined with culture-oriented creation and spread. The activities of Plant Walk, Plant Life Interview, Local Plant Post, and Plant Tabloid facilitate the participants start to appreciate plants in the original form and be kin with them. Reciprocally, the feedback received during the practices and the insights captured under the perspective of plants also enriched the existing plant humanities studies.

Keywords

Plant Humanities; Plant-Matters; Plant South Salesroom; Plant Inhabitant; Local Practice