《景观设计学》2022年第5期 生态系统文化服务与景观实践

无形的纽带：生态系统文化服务与景观实践

Intangible Bonds: Cultural Ecosystem Services and Landscape Practices

（文晨，徐海韵，托比亚斯·普利宁格，《景观设计学》2022年第5期“主编寄语”）

自古以来，人类与自然密不可分。我们改造、塑造自然，以满足自身的需求和欲望；自然是我们的灵感与平和之源，并如此深刻地影响了人类社会，以至于我们对其产生了强烈的情感依恋，将之嵌入文化与观念中，践行于我们的人居环境建设。然而，当今社会的快速演变正在撼动这种人与自然联系的基石，技术的进步、社会价值观的转变，以及不断增长的人口需求都在冲击着我们与自然间的联系。这些改变的速度之快，已令长期以来维系人类生存的生态系统无法承载。展望未来，我们需要发展新的途径来理解和珍视自然生态系统与人类文化依恋之间的复杂关系，并思考如何通过景观规划设计实践使这二者间的纽带关系更加可持续。

景观设计学既关注自然的生态价值，也关注其文化和社会价值。生态系统文化服务（Cultural Ecosystem Services）是生态系统为人类社会带来的非物质裨益与福祉，包括自然游憩、审美体验、场所感知、文化遗产、灵感启迪等^[1]。作为生态系统服务的重要组成部分，生态系统文化服务在休闲游憩、精神疗愈，以及维护文化多样性和特有性等方面都发挥着不可或缺的作用。《千年生态系统评估》（Millennium Ecosystem Assessment）指出，生态系统文化服务评估能揭示生态系统动态变化对人类福祉的影响，理解自然与人类社会的联系与相互作用，并促进可持续发展。如今，生态系统服务理论逐渐成为景观规划的支撑理论之一，生态系统文化服务也备受国内外景观实践者的关注，主要议题包括如何通过有效的规划设计实践来理解复杂的人地关系、评估规划方案、协调不同的利益相关方，以及有效回应社会问题等^[2]。

近年来，中国与世界多地都在经历高速城镇化，人口结构、生活方式及审美偏好等方面也发生着快速变化。这些变化深刻改变了人类行为，也影响了人地关系：居住形式、出行习惯、人口分布、家庭结构的改变影响了我们与景观之间的联系，重构了生态系统文化服务和人类的供需关系，也促使我们关注老年人、儿童、城市新移民、农村留守人员等不同的社会群体。与此同时，人们在景观感知、审美偏好、自然游憩风尚、生活方式等方面的变化——例如共享单车的广泛使用、社交媒体和短视频的流行、网红地打卡现象——也影响了我们对景观和生态系统文化服务的理解^[3][4]。

生态系统文化服务的内涵决定了其具有桥接景观实践与社会变化的潜力，可为景观设计学科提供一个审视人地关系的多学科视角。相关理论、方法和工具也能帮助从业者更好地开展景观解读、评估、规划设计与管理工作^[2][5]。在本期中，我们将从理论、方法等维度探讨生态系统文化服务与景观实践的关系。相关研究议题包括建设“全域旅游”背景下区域尺度的游憩潜力预测、运用网络评论数据对城市公园进行生态系统文化服务的感知测定和评估，以及景观设计师在儿童早期自然教育中扮演的角色等。本期还呈现了生态系统文化服务这一理论的发展历程，以及为什么新技术和新概念的引入能够帮助它进一步演化。此外，来自夏威夷的案例表明，在经年累月的环境和社会危机下，景观设计专业应通过重塑生态和文化的关系，建设一个自主决定、公平和具有韧性的未来。

For generations, humans have been intrinsically tied to the natural world, modifying and molding it to suit our needs and desires. Nature has been a source of inspiration and peace to us, influencing our cultures and beliefs, and creating a strong emotional attachment to the natural world. However, our society’s fast evolution is testing the very foundations of this connection. Technological advancements, social values shifts, and the increasing demands of a growing population have all combined to push the boundaries of our contact with nature. The pace at which these changes are taking place is even exceeding the ecosystems that have sustained us for so long. As we look ahead, it is becoming evident that we will need to develop new approaches to understanding and appreciating the complex cultural relationships that exist between the natural ecosystem and our cultural attachment, as well as to build a more sustainable interaction via landscape practices.

Landscape Architecture concerns not only the ecological values of nature but also its social and cultural values. Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are the intangible and non-material benefits delivered from nature to human societies, including nature-based tourism, landscape aesthetics, sense of place, cultural heritage, and spiritual inspiration^[1]. As one pillar of Ecosystem Services (ES), CES play significant roles in leisure activities, cognitive recovery, and the conservation of cultural diversity and uniqueness. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment suggests that evaluation of CES can reveal how the dynamics of the ecosystem impact human well-being, facilitate understanding their interactions, and promote sustainable development. Nowadays, ES are among the central topics in global landscape research and has become mainstream theories in supporting landscape planning. Chinese and the global landscape practitioners also pay great attention to CES, especially regarding how to understand complex human-nature relationships, how to evaluate CES for planning, how to help communicate with different stakeholders, and how to respond to social issues with effective planning and design^[2].

Recently, China, together with the world, is undergoing rapid changes, including urbanization, demographic changes, changing lifestyles, and dynamic aesthetic preference. Those changes influence both human behaviors and the human-nature relationships. On one hand, societies nowadays have different resident forms, travel behaviors, population distributions, and family structure. All are influencing how we interact with landscapes. The social dynamics reshape the supply−demand relationships between CES and people, and enhance our concerns on different social groups, including the elderly, children, new citizens, and left-behind people in rural areas. On the other hand, human behaviors are expressed in terms of landscape perception, aesthetic preferences, fashions of nature-based recreation, and lifestyles^[3][4]. For example, the widely-use of shared bikes, social media, short videos, and web celebrities’ sites also impact how we understand landscapes and CES.

The nature of CES demonstrates that they can be the potential bridge between landscape architecture and social changes. Since CES are multi-disciplinary, they can better help Landscape Architecture understand the meanings of human-nature relationships. Their theories, methods, and tools can help support understanding, assessing, planning, designing, and managing landscape^[2][5]. This special issue covers broad topics related to CES and the landscape practice, ranging from theories, methods, and others. There are research articles on topics such as predicting recreational potential at the regional scale within the context of “all-for-one tourism,” the use of online comment data to assess perceptions and evaluations of urban parks’ ecosystem cultural services, and the role of landscape architects in early childhood nature-based education. We also present the evolution of the theory of ecosystem cultural services and the reasons why the introduction of new technology and concepts can aid in its evolution. Another case from Hawaii highlights how landscape architecture should reconstruct the interaction between ecology and culture to establish a self-determined, fair, and resilient future in the face of environmental and social catastrophes.

REFERENCES

[1] Fish, R., Church, A., & Winter, M. (2016). Conceptualising cultural ecosystem services: A novel framework for research and critical engagement. Ecosystem Services, (21), 208-217.

[2] Plieninger, T., Bieling, C., Fagerholm, N., Byg, A., Hartel, T., Hurley, P., López-Santiago, C. A., Nagabhatla, N., Oteros-Rozas, E., Raymond, C. M., van der Horst, D., & Huntsinger, L. (2015). The role of cultural ecosystem services in landscape management and planning. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, (14), 28-33.

[3] Bauer, N., Wallner, A., & Hunziker, M. (2009). The change of European landscapes: Human-nature relationships, public attitudes towards rewilding, and the implications for landscape management in Switzerland. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(9), 2910-2920.

[4] Balázsi, Á., Riechers, M., Hartel, T., Leventon, J., & Fischer, J. (2019). The impacts of social-ecological system change on human-nature connectedness: A case study from Transylvania, Romania. Land Use Policy, (89), 104232.

[5] von Haaren, C., Lovett, A. A., & Albert, C. (2019). Landscape Planning and Ecosystem Services: The Sum Is More Than the Parts (pp. 3-9). In C. von Haaren, A. A. Lovett, & C. Albert (Eds.), Landscape Planning With Ecosystem Services: Theories and Methods for Application in Europe. Springer.

主编寄语

无形的纽带：生态系统文化服务与景观实践／文晨，徐海韵，托比亚斯·普利宁格

论文

“全域旅游”导向下鄂西游憩服务的空间潜力预测研究——基于集成模型的机器学习方法／文晨，茶静，徐利权，徐海韵

基于网络评论数据分析的城市公园生态系统文化服务感知研究／姜芊孜，王广兴，梁雪原，刘娜

景观设计师在儿童早期自然教育中的引导作用／唐冬蕊，张高超

观点与评论

生态系统文化服务的发展推动“人与自然”的研究视角多元化——对话托比亚斯·普利宁格／托比亚斯·普利宁格，郭天禹，徐海韵

探索与过程

处于崩溃中心的树木：多型铁心木与夏威夷的未来／威廉·希弗斯

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】文晨（WEN Chen），徐海韵（XU Haiyun），托比亚斯·普利宁格（Tobias PLIENINGER），姜芊孜（JIANG Qianzi）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】92页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2022年10月

“全域旅游”导向下鄂西游憩服务的空间潜力预测研究——基于集成模型的机器学习方法

Spatial Potential of Recreational Services in Western Hubei Region in Light of the “All-for-One Tourism” Development—A Machine Learning Approach Based on Ensemble Model

作者：文晨，茶静，徐利权，徐海韵 WEN Chen, CHA Jing, XU Liquan, XU Haiyun

摘要

在建设“全域旅游”的背景下，区域尺度的游憩服务发展将从单一景点景区的建设转向旅游目的地的综合统筹，助力乡村振兴和区域协调发展。然而，在全域旅游“连点成片”的过程中，如何根据本地独特的环境禀赋识别出具有较高游憩潜力的区域并据此评估发展的优先程度，仍是研究与实践的热点和难点。基于此，本研究以鄂西地区为例，引入生态系统文化服务理论中潜力评估的研究方法，运用社会－生态多源数据构建了一个结合集成机器学习的SDM模型。该模型对研究区域内336个已知游憩服务热点的环境特征进行了剖析，并预测了连续空间中高游憩潜力区域的概率分布。本研究提供了一条从环境特征变量数值关系角度理解区域尺度游憩空间规律的技术路径，旨在为全域旅游和乡村振兴的空间发展策略提供参考。

关键词 

全域旅游；游憩服务；生态系统文化服务；空间潜力预测；机器学习；鄂西

ABSTRACT  

Under the call for “all-for-one tourism” development, the focus of regional-scale recreational services is shifting from the construction of individual scenic spots and tourist areas towards the comprehensive planning of tourist destinations, so as to propel China’s rural revitalization and regional coordinated development. In research and practice, however, it is still challenging to identity and evaluate spatial locations for developing tourism according their cultural and environmental resource and characteristics and prioritizing the high-potential ones. Employing the whole western Hubei region as a case study, this paper proposes a method of assessing recreation potential within the research framework on cultural ecosystem services, and uses multi-sourced social-ecological data to develop an SDM model via ensemble machine learning. Through analyses of the environmental features of 336 recreational hotspots in the study area, the model predicts the areas with high recreation potential in continuous areas. This study intends to establish a technique path to examine the regional-scale pattern of recreational spaces via numerical analysis of environmental features, and to provide a reference for relevant spatial development strategies of all-for-one tourism and rural revitalization.

KEYWORDS 

All-for-One Tourism; Recreational Services; Cultural Ecosystem Services; Spatial Potential Prediction; Machine Learning; Western Hubei

基于网络评论数据分析的城市公园生态系统文化服务感知研究

Research on the Perception of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Parks via Analyses of Online Comment Data

作者：姜芊孜，王广兴，梁雪原，刘娜 JIANG Qianzi, WANG Guangxing, LIANG Xueyuan, LIU Na

摘要

公园绿地是城市生态系统的重要组成部分，能够为城市居民提供有益的生态系统文化服务（CES）。地理空间与网络点评数据的融合与挖掘已成为CES感知研究的重要方法，但目前研究多聚焦CES感知类别识别与空间分布，较少关注不同CES类别感知间的关联性。研究以济南市主城区10个典型城市公园为例，爬取旅游网站上用户的公开评论数据，基于内容分析法获取高频CES感知词和感知频率，分析不同城市公园的CES感知异同，并应用FP－关联规则揭示CES感知间的关联性。研究表明：1）审美欣赏、休闲／生态旅游是最易被公众感知到的城市公园CES类别。2）不同城市公园中公众对CES类别的感知存在差异。百花公园与五龙潭中的审美欣赏服务，济南森林公园中的休闲／生态旅游服务，泉城公园、中山公园、华山湖公园与动物园中的教育／知识服务可被公众较好感知。3）城市公园CES感知具有关联性：审美欣赏和休闲／生态旅游服务关联性最强，常与文化遗产、精神／宗教价值、艺术灵感启发等服务被共同感知。研究充实了基于网络评论数据的CES感知实证研究，阐明了城市公园CES公众感知特征，有助于为公园绿地规划设计与管理提供科学依据，对于提升城市公园CES供给与空间品质具有重要意义。

关键词 

城市公园；生态系统文化服务；景观感知；网络点评数据；FP－关联规则；济南

ABSTRACT  

Urban parks are an important part of urban ecosystems and can provide beneficial cultural ecosystem services (CES) to urban residents. The integration of geospatial and online comment data and relevant data mining have become a mainstream approach to the research on CES perception. This paper takes 10 typical urban parks in the central districts of Jinan, China as examples, and collects park users’ online comment data from tourism websites. Based on content analysis, high-frequency CES perception words and their perception frequencies are obtained to reveal the disparity of CES perception in different urban parks. FP-association rules are applied to examine the correlations between the perception of CES categories. Main findings are as follow. 1) Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services are the most easily perceived CES categories in urban parks. 2) There are differences in public’s perception of CES categories in different urban parks: aesthetics service in Baihua Park and Wulongtan Park, leisure/ecotourism service in Jinan Forest Park, and education/knowledge service in Quancheng Park, Zhongshan Park, Huashan Lake Park, and Jinan Zoo can be better perceived by the public. And 3) the perception of CES categories of urban parks is correlated. Aesthetics and leisure/ecotourism services have the strongest correlation and are often perceived with the services of cultural heritage, spiritual/religious value, and artistic inspiration. The study enriches the empirical research on CES perception via analyses of online comment data, clarifies the patterns of public’s CES perception in urban parks, and provides a scientific reference for the planning, design, and management of urban parks, showing a significance for improving CES supply and spatial quality of urban parks.

KEYWORDS 

Urban Parks; Cultural Ecosystem Services; Landscape Perception; Online Comment Data; FP-Association Rule; Jinan

景观设计师在儿童早期自然教育中的引导作用

Attentive Allies: Landscape Architects as Facilitators to Promote Early Childhood Nature-Based Educational Programs

作者：唐冬蕊，张高超 TANG Dongrui, ZHANG Gaochao

摘要

在森林幼儿园的环境中，结构性或非结构性的自然教育项目可以提高儿童的身体活动水平、运动技能、社交技能和环保行为等。大部分相关研究都将教师、家长和研究人员列为儿童户外学习项目的引导者，而景观设计师却很少被考虑在内。实际上，景观设计师除了参与环境的设计与建造外，还可以长期发挥更深远的作用。本研究以日本宫之丘森林公园为例，旨在证明将景观设计师作为自然环境教育项目的引导者，可以使这些项目在多方面受益，产生持久的效果。宫之丘森林幼儿园与日本高野景观规划事务所团队开展了长达16年的学龄前儿童自然教育项目合作。在这个项目中，景观设计师采取了多种策略来改进既有教育项目并协助开发新项目。其中参与式设计是最为关键的策略，在改造（2006~2008年）及后续合作（2009年至今）阶段，通过设计师与教育工作者的共同参与合作，使户外自然环境和教学项目的可持续发展得到了保证。

关键词 

参与式设计；自然教育；景观设计；森林幼儿园；教育效益

ABSTRACT  

In a forest kindergarten context, young children can get boost on their level of physical activity, motor skills, social skills, pro-environmental behaviors, etc. through structured and/or unstructured nature-based educational programs. Most studies mentioned teachers, parents, and researchers as facilitators in the early childhood outdoor learning programs, while landscape architects were rarely considered. However, beyond just being involved in the design and construction of the physical environment, landscape architects can play a more profound role in the long run. This study aims to show that involving landscape architects as facilitators in the nature-based educational programs can benefit the programs in many ways and the effect can be long-lasting. The study is based on the 16 years of collaboration between Miyano-oka, a forest kindergarten, and a team of landscape architects from Takano Landscape Planning in Japan to conduct nature-based educational programs to preschoolers. It presents examples of programs in Miyano-oka and the strategies applied to develop them. In this project, landscape architects employed various design strategies to improve the existing programs and help develop new programs. Among those strategies, participatory design is the primary one. During both the renovation (from 2006 to 2008) and follow-up (from 2009 to now) phases, active participation and collaboration between designers and the educators help achieve the sustainable development of both the outdoor natural environment and educational programs.

KEYWORDS 

Participatory Design; Nature-Based Education; Landscape Architecture; Forest Kindergarten; Pedagogical Benefits

生态系统文化服务的发展推动“人与自然”的研究视角多元化——对话托比亚斯·普利宁格

Development of Cultural Ecosystem Services Contributes to a Plural Perspective for Human-Nature Studies—Interview With Tobias Plieninger

作者：托比亚斯·普利宁格，郭天禹，徐海韵 Tobias PLIENINGER, GUO Tianyu, XU Haiyun

摘要

托比亚斯·普利宁格是生态系统文化服务研究的重要先驱者之一。他通过一系列在欧洲与亚洲的森林和农业生态系统的实证研究，为生态系统文化服务的框架构建做出了贡献。在本文中，普利宁格介绍了生态系统文化服务是如何作为新兴领域被纳入《千年生态系统评估》中的。生态系统文化服务作为生态系统服务的一部分，在最开始却因缺乏充分内容来体现而受到忽视。基于其所研究的课题，普利宁格探讨了如何为生态系统文化服务建立指标，以及介绍了公众参与地理信息系统这一方法是如何将景观中的文化价值纳入研究的。受生态系统文化服务本身的限制，“自然对人类的贡献”等新的更具包容性的术语逐渐兴起。随后，普利宁格指出了使用社交媒体数据来拓展研究范围的新趋势，同时分享了他对印度、中国等国家生态系统文化服务研究领域发展的见解。他建议不应局限于在技术上或纯粹的学术活动中应用这些方法，而要着眼于处理现实世界的问题。最后，他鼓励年轻一代进一步深入研究前沿课题，如探索生态系统文化服务在日渐失稳的时代中可发挥的作用。

关键词 

生态系统文化服务；自然对人类的贡献；公众参与地理信息系统；文化景观；人类－自然关系

ABSTRACT  

Tobias Plieninger has contributed to framing Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) by his studies in Europe and Asia from forest to agricultural ecosystems. He introduced how the term of CES as a part of ecosystem services was raised by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment but largely neglected at the beginning. From his projects, he explored how to set up indicators and the development of a method Public Participation Geographic Information Systems to map cultural values in landscapes for CES assessment. Because of the limitation of CES, the new inclusive concepts like Nature’s Contributions to People arose. Plieninger gave us his perspective about the new tendency to use social media data to broaden the research scale, and shared his opinions about CES research in developing countries, like India and China. He suggested people should apply the methods not only in technocratic or purely in academic exercises, but to deal with real-world problems. He encouraged the young generation to further explore the frontier topics such as the role of CES in increasingly unstable times.

KEYWORDS 

Cultural Ecosystem Services; Nature’s Contributions to People;  Public Participation Geographic Information Systems;  Cultural Landscape; Human-Nature Relationship

处于崩溃中心的树木：多型铁心木与夏威夷的未来

The Tree at the Center of Collapse: ‘Ōhi‘a Lehua and Hawaii’s Future

作者：威廉·希弗斯 William SHIVERS

摘要

长期以来，除了大气环流与洋流、火山活动以及气候危机带来的环境压力之外，夏威夷群岛还面临来自于美国本土的压力：由于夏威夷群岛的自然环境与风土人情有着独特而鲜明的热带特征，其农作物及当地文化表演等也成为了重要的经济与文化产品，以满足美国本土的物质与精神消费需求。

19世纪初，夏威夷群岛便被用作试验与发展岛屿种植业的基地，岛上的原生植被被大量砍伐，美国本土也由此建立了对夏威夷群岛的支配地位；第二次世界大战结束后，美国本土开始以商品拜物教的形式对夏威夷群岛进行同化。如今，夏威夷虽然名义上已是美国辖州，但本质上仍是一处象征着消费、享乐与热带风情的边缘之地。

种植园体系使夏威夷的自然生态及文化稳定性都遭到了破坏，岛上历史悠久的树木种群也深受其害，“铁心木快速死亡”（ROD）就是其表现之一。这种树木疾病由三种以上来源未知的真菌造成，主要侵袭当地的特色植物物种——多型铁心木。多型铁心木是夏威夷群岛的先锋物种，也是当地森林的重要组成部分，能够吸收空气中的二氧化硫，增肥土壤；多型铁心木更是夏威夷当地文化的象征，在民间传说和传统服饰中都能看到它的身影。因此，ROD的蔓延不仅给夏威夷带来了自然生态危机，也使原住民与自然环境之间的纽带濒临断裂。

为此，本文呼吁以治理ROD为契机，采取修复性景观干预措施，通过面向未来的土地管理措施，保护夏威夷群岛的自然生态系统及原住民文化。这种土地管理方法旨在帮助原住民复兴传统知识、重拾对岛屿发展的话语权，使夏威夷群岛摆脱历史上从经济、文化、政治等多个层面形成的刻板印象，这也是对全球化资本主义的一种反抗。

关键词 

文化景观；美国研究；森林生态学；岛屿研究；环境研究；气候变化

ABSTRACT  

Hawaii is on the threshold of collapse. Over a century of American colonization and exploitation of the islands and their people has resulted in the island chain facing critical environmental and cultural catastrophe. This article examines the emergence of Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death as a critical aeolian pathogen capable of wiping out the most culturally and ecologically significant species representing over 50% of Hawaii’s forests. Plantation histories are unpacked as foundational tools which directly led to deep alteration to the cultural fabric and landscape of the islands, accelerating the complex issues faced by Hawaii and Hawaiians today. This crisis offers landscape architects and the design professions grounds for a new methodology to approach both ecological and cultural issues as one to tackle the issues stemming from ongoing climate change. Furthermore, the article underscores the need to rethink the American fetishization of the Hawaiian Islands and look instead to how land stewardship and landscape practices can facilitate a self-determinant, equitable, and resilient future.

KEYWORDS 

Cultural Landscapes; American Studies; Forest Ecology; Island Studies; Environmental Studies; Climate Change