《景观设计学》2022年第2期

© 马哲

修改写在大地上的文章——2022年北京大学建筑与景观设计学院毕业典礼上的致辞

（俞孔坚，《景观设计学》2022年第2期“主编寄语”）

Revising Articles Written on the Land—Commencement Speech at 2022 Graduation Ceremony of the College of Architecture and Landscape, Peking University, by Yu Kongjian

亲爱的同学们，热烈祝贺在2022年毕业的所有硕士生和博士生，你们今天离开燕园，意味着开始一个新的人生篇章，也意味着社会将期待你们能对人类进步有所贡献！

关于知识分子的贡献，最近开始流行起“在大地上书写论文”的说法，这本该是建筑与景观设计学院毕业典礼上最恰当的致辞，可惜已经被泛滥挪用，不足以标榜真正改天换地的职业。今天，我将“修改写在大地上的文章”赠予从这个学院走出去的和将要走出去的才俊们，没有任何其他学院的毕业生比你们更需要这样的共勉！

值此又一波疫情袭击北京之际，我被迫停留在远离大都市的远方，也因此得以有时间行走在大地上，仔细阅读那些写在大地上的文章。

我在田野上行走，那田野曾经是我少年时劳作过的地方。赤脚，我穿越那方养育过我的水田，本期待能踩到泥土中滑溜溜的泥鳅和黄鳝，感受它们钻过脚掌心时那直透心底的痒痒。我还期待在那薄薄的水面上，众多硕大的青蛙昂着头，它们凸出的眼睛就像那三星堆出土的面具那样，在被踩到的刹那，突然潜入浅水面下的淤泥。但我失望了，那些熟悉的感觉始终没有出现，泛滥的农药和除草剂早已将它们连同千百种昆虫一起杀灭。在我的面前，这绵延却缺乏生命、板结而坚硬、混杂着建筑垃圾和塑料的土壤，刺痛了我的脚掌。

我沿着河流行走，跟随那河流穿过田野和山峦，一直走到长江支流最上游的山谷。我本以为能有一路的清流与鸟声相伴，鱼翔浅底、绿茵如带，直至源自山崖的甘泉。可是我失望了，更多的时候我只见到曾经蜿蜒的溪流已被裁弯取直，水泥钢筋的防洪堤和一道道拦水坝将其变成僵尸般的水渠。那硬化的包裹甚至沿着从两岸汇入的支流和灌渠，一直延伸到山脚下的涓涓细流处；娇艳的园林花木装点着瓷砖和汉白玉砌就的花坛。那包裹严丝合缝，不留鱼虾栖居之缝隙，也不留可降解污染物的植被。因此，我看到河道和两岸的水塘湿地布满了各种浮游藻类，并散发出臭味——来自农田的污染已经毒化了河湖的水源。

我循着古镇的街道走去，那古镇有一千多年的历史，这里水陆交汇，曾经富甲一方，文化灿烂。我本以为能沿着记忆中的石板古道行走，感受穿过水口林时的阴凉，听到在古樟树栖息的几十种鸟儿的欢唱，还有那掩映在茂林修竹中的白墙黑瓦、古道两侧丰产的田园和烟雨中的炊烟。但是，我又失望了！因为水口已不复存在，那沾满青苔的古树也已经不在，水泥大道切开了关阑水口，一串串红灯笼沿路挂在“青龙偃月刀”形的灯柱上，一直通到村口的阔大广场。超大尺度的亭台楼阁此起彼伏，夸张的马头墙林立，拆掉了真实古镇后又重金打造的“再造古镇”巍然矗立。在这里，“美丽”被理解为涂脂抹粉和乔装打扮，“历史”被理解为仿古楼台，“文化特色”被理解为器具符号。

我在大地上行走，细读那由一个个景观构成的环境之书。这本书的内容还有很多，许多时候我不忍正视。我从事在一个确实在大地上书写文章的职业，常常自豪地推动轰轰烈烈的自然改造行动，却也深忧于大地上这已经写就的一篇篇文章。

我因此而赠言于你们，该轮到你们书写——更确切地说，修改这些文章了。请记住，那将代表你们在这里所得到和发展的学术，尤其是关于生态的学识和智慧，更代表了你们在这里所锤炼的关于美丽的鉴赏力。

Dear master’s and PhD students, congratulations on your graduation! Today, you are leaving the university and starting a new chapter in your life. The society looks to you to make a contribution to the progress of humanity!

As for the contribution of intellectuals, the popular phrase “writing articles on the land” might be the best words for the graduates from the College of Architecture and Landscape, but it has unfortunately been used too often to be a praise for landscape architects, professionals who are trained to design and shape the land. Today, I commend “revising articles written on the land” to all the graduates and students in this college, and I believe no graduate from other colleges is more appropriate for this calling than you are!

During the current pandemic outbreaks in Beijing, I have to stay far away from the metropolis, which gave me the time to walk and read the “articles written on the land already.”

I walked on the farmland where I had played and worked in my childhood. Barefoot, I walked through the paddy fields while expecting to step on some slippery loaches and rice field eels in the mud and feel the itch as they crept on my feet; expecting to find fat frogs holding their heads up above shallow waters, with bulging eyes just like the ones on the bronze mask from Sanxingdui Ruins; once stepped on, the frogs would suddenly dive into the mud. But I was disappointed that none of such scenes appeared. The abuse of pesticides and herbicides has killed most creatures, along with hundreds of insects. My feet were stung by this stretch of lifeless, hardened soil mixed with construction waste and plastics.

I walked along the river, across the fields and hills, and arrived at an upper-reach valley of one of the Yangtze’s tributaries. I was expecting to meet a clear stream, singing birds, swimming fish, flourishing forests, and fresh springs. But I was disappointed too. More often than not, I found the once meandering watercourse replaced with cutoff, hardened channels, and teared into several sections by levees and dams made of concrete and steel. The same goes for the sub-tributaries, irrigation ditches, and even foothill trickles. Ornamental flowers are planted in delicate parterres along the riverfront. Such hardened ditches destroy habitats for fish and shrimp and aquatic vegetation that can degrade pollutants. As a result, the rivers and ponds along the banks are smelly with overgrown and overspread algae—pollution from farmland has also poisoned the water source of local rivers and lakes.

I walked through the lanes and allays of an ancient town built a thousand years ago. Benefited from its rich water resources, the town was prosperous and splendid, both economically and culturally. I was expecting to follow the ancient stone paving allays in my memory, to have a shaded rest in Shuikou (village water inlet/outlet) forests, to hear the chorus of diverse birds on the old camphor trees, and to enjoy the view formed by white walls and black tiles hidden behind trees and bamboos, the productive orchards on both sides of the paths, and the smoke of the cooking fires in the rain. But, again, I was disappointed! Both Shuikou and the moss-strewn old trees are disappeared. Instead, cement roads separate water outlets, with strings of red lanterns hanging on lampposts in an exaggerated shape, and connect an oversized square at the entrance of the village. After demolishing the authentic ancient town, a new one was created on the same site with huge investment, where numerous buildings and structures, such as pavilions and the horse-head walls, are clustered. Here, “beauty” is interpreted as creating ornamental sceneries, “history” as forming ancient-looking images, and “cultural identity” as introducing stereotyped symbols.

I walked on the land, perusing the “book” consisted of various “articles.” There is so much more to this book that many times I cannot bear to look at it. I am so ashamed to be in the same profession with the ones who have created so many ignorant and hideous landscapes on the land—landscape architects should write “articles” that can truly and profoundly promote environmental improvement of the land.

Our future landscape architects, it is your time to write, or rather, to revise these articles written on the land. Please remember that the articles you write will represent your knowledge, especially your wisdom about ecology and aesthetics you have learned and developed in this university.

主编寄语

修改写在大地上的文章——2022年北京大学建筑与景观设计学院毕业典礼上的致辞（俞孔坚）

论文

为知识工作者创造恢复性邻近绿地：理论机制、场地评价标准与设计导则（胡雪凌，刘雪鸣，李嘉立，姜斌）

基于脑电实验的虚拟现实环境全景绿视率对人体愉悦度的影响研究（聂玮，贾江旭，王敉敉，孙进，李罡）

注意力的设计——眼动追踪技术辅助下的上海市南京路步行街景观体验研究（陈奕言，陈筝，杜明）

观点与评论

基于过去二十年间的设计研究项目评述景观设计师在气候适应实践中的专长（张子豪，张书瑞）

探索与过程

生态堡垒：协助瑞士阿尔卑斯山脉中部地区敏感植物的迁移（Stefan HERDA）

迂回发展：基于景观谱系的老挝北部后疫情时期生态旅游框架（Bryan Bvyn WONG）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】姜斌（JIANG Bin），聂玮（NIE Wei），李罡（LI Gang），陈筝（CHEN Zheng）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】100页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2022年4月

【定价】68.00元

为知识工作者创造恢复性邻近绿地：理论机制、场地评价标准与设计导则

Creating Restorative Nearby Green Spaces for Knowledge Workers: Theoretical Mechanisms, Site Evaluation Criteria, and Design Guidelines

作者：胡雪凌，刘雪鸣，李嘉立，姜斌  HU Xueling, LIU Xueming, LI Jiali, JIANG Bin

摘要

知识工作者推动了当代城市的社会和经济发展，但他们往往由于久坐的工作状态、长期的高强度脑力劳动，以及高度职业竞争，而心理及生理健康状况堪忧。因此，为知识工作者提供高质量恢复性邻近绿地以促进他们的健康和福祉已成为一项紧迫的重要需求。尽管许多研究已经证明邻近绿地具有多重健康效益，但这些学术理论和研究证据并不足以有效地为相关规划和设计实践提供指导。本研究通过综合性文献研究，归纳总结出能体现工作场所邻近绿地所带来健康效益的四个理论机制：1）减轻压力；2）恢复注意力和提升景观偏好；3）促进体力活动；4）丰富感官体验。而后，本文确定了可以提高知识工作者健康和福祉的绿地关键环境特征。最后，研发了一套现状场地恢复性能力的评价标准及一系列恢复性邻近绿地设计导则，并为联系跨学科研究与实践提出了一种简明范式。

关键词

知识工作者；恢复性邻近绿地；心理健康；生理健康；恢复性景观；绩效评估

Abstract

Knowledge workers drive social and economic development in contemporary cities but often exhibit poor psychological and physical health because of sedentary work, long-term and intense mental labor, and high-level occupational competition. Thus, providing high-quality restorative green spaces in knowledge workers’ proximity to promote their health and well-being has become an important and pressing need. Although the multiple health benefits of proximity to green spaces have been highlighted, the existing planning and design practices are not well supported by scientific theories and evidence. This study interprets the health benefits of proximity to green spaces in work environments considering four theoretical mechanisms: stress reduction, attention restoration and landscape preference, physical activity promotion, and sensory enrichment through an integrative literature review. Next, the paper identifies the key environmental characteristics of green spaces that can enhance the health and wellbeing of knowledge workers. In addition, it develops a set of criteria for evaluating the restorative capacity of existing sites and a set of guidelines to design restorative nearby green spaces, and proposes a simple paradigm to connect interdisciplinary research and practice.

Keywords

Knowledge Workers; Restorative Nearby Green Spaces; Mental Health; Physical Health; Restorative Landscape; Performance Evaluation

基于脑电实验的虚拟现实环境全景绿视率对人体愉悦度的影响研究

Research on the Impact of Panoramic Green View Index of Virtual Reality Environments on Individuals’ Pleasure Level Based on EEG Experiment

作者：聂玮，贾江旭，王敉敉，孙进，李罡  NIE Wei, JIA Jiangxu, WANG Mimi, SUN Jin, LI Gang

摘要

绿视率是衡量城市品质的重要参考指标。如何通过适宜的绿视率营造良好人居环境，提高人体愉悦度是风景园林学的重要研究内容。当前绿视率对人体愉悦度的影响仍缺少定量研究。基于全景图测量的全景绿视率可涵盖超出普通二维图像的环境要素，因此本文通过调查问卷和脑电信号（EEG）数据，探究不同全景绿视率环境下个体愉悦度变化规律。实验通过依次添加灌木、乔木等植被，精准控制预景中的全景绿视率，使其按照0、30%、60%、90%、0的顺序变化。研究结果表明：1）个体愉悦度在初次观看全景绿视率为0的环境时最低，并随全景绿视率增加而提升，全景绿视率为60%时被试愉悦度最高；2）全景绿视率为90%时，被试愉悦度显著下降，部分被试出现恐惧、压抑的情绪特征；3）全景绿视率由90%重新回到0时，被试愉悦度明显提高，主观体感从枯燥、无聊转为开敞、明亮。上述结果表明，当全景绿视率为60%，人体愉悦度可能最佳；过高的全景绿视率可能给人带来压力，并显著降低愉悦度；交替变化的绿视环境可能比单一的环境更能提高游憩愉悦度；绿视率与个体愉悦度之间的复杂性有待深入研究。本研究成果可为户外绿化环境的设计、优化及评估提供科学依据。

关键词

全景绿视率；脑电信号；环境心理学；景观设计；虚拟现实；愉悦度

Abstract

Green View Index (GVI) is a core indicator to measure urban quality. Identifying proper ranges of GVI has become a significant proposition in Landscape Architecture to design environments that can increase individuals’ pleasure level. However, quantitative research on the pleasure level impacted by varied GVIs is still inadequate. This research explores the changes of pleasure level through EEG data collection and questionnaire survey under panoramic scenarios with different panoramic GVIs, which can represent more environmental elements than two-dimensional images. By adding shrubs and trees gradually, this experiment precisely set five scenarios with the GVI changing from 0 to 30%, 60%, 90%, and 0. Research results show that 1) individuals’ pleasure level dropped to the lowest when they first enter the scenario with a panoramic GVI of 0, but when panoramic GVI increased from 0 to 30% and to 60%, the pleasure level increased and finally researched the highest; 2) in an environment with a panoramic GVI of 90%, individuals’ pleasure level significantly reduced, while some participants self-reported the sense of fear and oppression; and 3) when shifting panoramic GVI from 90% to 0, the bright and open space increased participants’ pleasure level. All these findings reveal that individuals’ pleasure level reached the highest under the scenario with 60% panoramic GVI; extremely high panoramic GVI may lead to negative emotions; and landscape with carefully designed panoramic GVIs can improve one’s pleasure level. Future research may probe into the relationship between GVI and individuals’ pleasure level from more perspectives to provide reference for the design, optimization, and evaluation of outdoor urban greening.

Keywords

Panoramic Green View Index; EEG; Environmental Psychology; Landscape Architecture; Virtual Reality; Pleasure Level

注意力的设计

——眼动追踪技术辅助下的上海市南京路步行街景观体验研究

Designing Attention

—Research on Landscape Experience Through Eye Tracking in Nanjing Road Pedestrian Mall (Street) in Shanghai

作者：陈奕言，陈筝，杜明  CHEN Yiyan, CHEN Zheng, DU Ming

摘要

为了解人们在商业步行街上的注意力分布情况，理解街道体验相关的视觉认知过程，本研究选择上海市南京路步行街作为实验场地，采用头戴式眼动仪探究参与者自然状态下行走时的注意力关注点，同时结合目的地选择、兴趣点拍照、深度访谈多种实验任务，以激发参与者真实的行为决策。研究采用自动语义分割与人工识别结合的方法，分析并统计各环境要素的眼动兴趣区注视情况，并引入“信息密度”这一眼动新指标（即主观注视比例与客观画面面积占比的比值），以反映环境要素或区域对注意力的吸引程度。研究结果显示，环境要素的信息密度具有差异：外挂店招、建筑入口空间、品牌标识和电子屏幕的信息密度最高，其次是绿化和人群，建筑立面、天空和地面最低。通过对以外挂店招为代表的高信息密度环境要素进行系统性设计，有助于塑造特色鲜明的街道景观体验。此外，研究结果显示，当环境体验与个人经历相关并被赋予情感价值时，容易导致正向的认知判断结果，促进环境吸引力的形成。

关键词

街道景观风貌；南京路步行街；景观体验；头戴式眼动仪；实景实验；空间认知；环境吸引力

Abstract

To understand the attention distribution and visual cognition in streets, this study conducted an experiment on Nanjing Road Pedestrian Mall (Street) using Head-mounted eye-trackers. Participants’ attention distribution were analyzed via Area Of Interest (AOI) during real-life walking scenarios, combining with several experiment tasks (i.e., destination selection, point-of-interest photography, and in-depth interviews), to capture participants’ naturalistic decision-making. The study combined automatic semantic segmentation with manual audit to code participants’ attention fixation duration and proportion by AOIs. A new indicator “information density,” which is the ratio of the attention percentage to the exposure percentage of a given environmental element, was introduced to describe the efficiency of environmental elements on attracting attentions. Findings revealed information density varies across environmental elements: higher information density was found in sign, building entrance, brand name, and poster; the lower was found in building, sky, and ground; while tree and person fell in between. Findings hence suggest environmental elements of higher information density (such as business signs) should be systematically designed to enhance desired experiences. Findings also indicated that personalized experiences are more likely to induce positive associations about environment which eventually lead to place attachment.

Keywords

Street Landscape; Nanjing Road Pedestrian Mall (Street); Landscape Experience; Head-mounted Eye-tracker; In-situ Environmental Experience; Spatial Perception; Environmental Attractiveness

基于过去二十年间的设计研究项目

评述景观设计师在气候适应实践中的专长

Mapping Landscape Architects’ Expertise in Climate Adaptation With

Design Research Projects Over the Past Two Decades

作者：张子豪，张书瑞  ZHANG Zihao, ZHANG Shurui

摘要

我们可以将气候危机看作一种威胁，也可以将之视为一种机遇，因为它促使不同文化、学科和行业前所未有地团结一致，这种团结有望彻底改变最初导致气候危机的根深蒂固的恶性循环。

本文评述了景观设计师在多学科综合性气候适应语境中的专业性，即“景观专长”（landscape expertise）。当代景观设计学科中以“系统”和“过程”为主导的思维模式，能成为跨学科气候行动、团结协作的强有力工具。然而，在现实中，气候相关的讨论通常由决策者、科学家和工程师主导，景观专长仍然被忽视甚或边缘化；如今的景观设计师仍然面临着其他学科专家的误解——在本文作者过去的多学科合作经历中，许多其他领域的专家仅简单地将景观设计等同于美学和生态层面的设计，而忽视了景观设计师在解决复杂、多元问题时重视“系统”和“过程”的思维方法，而本文恰旨在回应这一对景观专长理解上的欠缺。

文章首先通过剖析美国弗吉尼亚州的一项由政府领导的大规模海岸适应总体规划实践，梳理出当前世界气候适应实践工作所涉及的专业领域。文章继而对过去二十年间一系列景观设计项目进行了理论分析，并提出了三个术语——“空间化”（spatialize）、“融合”（synthesize）和“推想”（speculate）——以阐释多学科综合性气候适应项目中景观专长的内涵。“空间化”是指景观设计师通过战略性地展示“数据”，批判性地审读地图和构建知识的能力。“融合”是指景观设计师通过物理空间实践，统筹考量文化、生态、历史、生物和政治等视角，来构想“多物种共生”的愿景。“推想”旨在将景观设计视为一种必须频繁运营的长期实践，从而将景观设计视为“基于实践产生知识”的探索性框架，而非由理论知识主导实践的过程。

关键词

气候变化；景观设计学；互动型专长；景观专长；制图学；多物种共生；推想

Abstract

This article maps out landscape architects’ expertise in multidisciplinary, comprehensive climate adaptation discourse. Systemic frameworks and process-driven approaches in contemporary Landscape Architecture discipline can become a powerful tool for harnessing unprecedented solidarity for climate actions across fields. However, landscape expertise is still largely ignored or marginalized in real-life climate discourse dominated by policymakers, scientists, and engineers. This study addresses this gap in understanding landscape expertise through design research projects over the past two decades. The article theorizes a body of landscape architecture projects in the past two decades, and proposes three terms—spatialize, synthesize, and speculate—for describing the landscape expertise in multidisciplinary, comprehensive climate adaptation projects. “Spatialize” refers to landscape architects’ capacity to construct knowledge through strategically displaying “data” through critical cartography. “Synthesize” is the ability to envision multispecies entanglement by combining cultural, ecological, historical, biological, and political lenses through material practices. “Speculate” means to understand landscape design as a long-term practice with repeated operations, and, thus, to design is to deploy a speculative framework that generates knowledge through practice.

Keywords

Climate Change; Landscape Architecture; Interactional Expertise; Landscape Expertise; Cartography; Multispecies Entanglement; Speculation

生态堡垒：

协助瑞士阿尔卑斯山脉中部地区敏感植物的迁移

An Ecological Redoubt:

Assisting the Migration of Sensitive Flora in the Central Swiss Alps

作者：斯蒂芬·赫尔达  Stefan HERDA

摘要

气候变化对瑞士的高山生态造成的影响是极为特殊的。由于年平均气温不断上升，当地许多植物物种的栖息地遭到破坏，它们被迫逐渐向海拔更高的区域迁移。在旅游经济开发和先锋植物物种不断入侵的双重影响下，敏感而稀有的植物群落将无力适应新的环境，以致当地具有重要价值的高山草甸日渐衰败。生物多样性丧失正迅速成为瑞士举国关注的重要生态问题。

安德马特镇位于瑞士中部乌塞伦河谷的东端，地处欧伯拉普、圣哥达山和富尔卡三个隘口的交汇处，拥有丰富的植物物种。周边的山脉上坐落着若干“国家堡垒防御计划”时期遗留下来的军事掩体和堡垒，其中包括建于1893年的斯托克利堡垒和建于1944年的古奇炮工厂。20世纪90年代，随着冷战的结束，逾8 000座防御工事逐渐丧失功能，其中一部分与当地景观融为一体。与此同时，精品酒店的大量开发、为建设高山滑雪公园而进行的斜坡改造等对当地的高山草甸造成了严重威胁。如不加以干预，该地区特色植物的生存空间将持续萎缩，加剧生物多样性缺失与土壤质量下降。

本文所述项目探究了如何将特定军事基础设施融入景观中，进而推动高山植物群落的研究、保护与复育。具体策略包括：1）重新引入传统的放牧管理方式，控制桤木的入侵；2）以斯托克利堡垒和古奇炮工厂为基地，建立高海拔种子库；3）将古奇炮工厂上方崎岖不平的景观改造为一处生态庭院，促进植物的主动与被动繁殖。考虑到部分高山植物生长于海拔较低的区域，本项目设计了一套新的种子主动传播机制，该机制与种子的天然传播途径相结合，充分利用焚风，可大大增加种子的传播距离，适应不断变化的气候条件。废弃的防御工事由此重获新生，成为了集生产、研究与教育功能为一体的重要场所。

关键词

高山生物多样性；瑞士军事基础设施；气候变化；适应性再利用；种子传播

Abstract

Switzerland’s alpine ecologies are uniquely affected by climate change. Many of the country’s plant species are migrating higher in altitude due to rising annual mean temperature with extensive habitat loss expected in as early as 2050. Given the compounded effects of the growing tourism economy and the expanding presence of aggressive pioneer plant species, regionally significant alpine meadows have been displaced before their sensitive and rare plant communities can adapt. This impending loss of biodiversity is quickly becoming a national ecological redoubt.

Situated at the crossroads of the Oberalp, the St. Gotthard, and the Furka passes, the town of Andermatt lies at the eastern end of the Urseren Valley, a floristically diverse region of Central Switzerland. Abandoned military bunkers and fortresses (Fort Stöckli and Artillery Works Gütsch) overlook Andermatt as relics of the Swiss National Redoubt defence plan.

This project investigates how specific military infrastructure integrated into the landscape can be repurposed into living archives for research, preservation, and propagation of alpine plant communities. Can this design strategy combining active and passive interventions mitigate anthropocentric pressures on these alpine ecologies while providing a new purpose to outmoded military infrastructure? Will a strategically managed ecological retreat preserve Swiss identity beyond the non-human?

Keywords

Alpine Biodiversity; Swiss Military Infrastructure; Climate Change; Adaptive Reuse; Seed Dispersal

迂回发展：

基于景观谱系的老挝北部后疫情时期生态旅游框架

Development Detours:

Landscape Genealogy Framework for Post-Pandemic Ecotourism in Northern Laos

作者：黄翰霆  Bryan Bvyn WONG

摘要

近两年来，老挝的宏观经济深受新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情影响，北部琅南塔省的旅游业也遭受重创，迫切需要制定产业复苏计划以促进长远发展。当地居民对土地价值的认知与近年来老挝正在施行的“以生产力克服贫困”的改革政策一致：相较于将土地应用于复兴生态旅游业并提升生态系统服务价值，他们更倾向于将土地应用于其他产业，如经营橡胶种植园，以直接获取经济回报。然而，这样的发展模式会大大消耗这片世代相传的土地，磨灭祖先们在这片土地上留下的痕迹，最终造成本土社会文化的同质化。

“迂回发展”项目基于景观谱系理念提出适应性生态旅游框架，以避免上述本土社会文化的同质化。项目以位于琅南塔省的两个村庄——具有较长特许经营史的辛乌多姆村和近期搬迁的坤康村——针对当地典型的九人生态旅游项目定制了两套方案。首先开展多维度考察，记录当地社区居民生存方式与文化思维的变迁。考察发现，这两个村庄居民的生计模式在过去六年间发生了巨大的改变，当地文化价值面临巨大威胁。随后通过比较当地三个颇受欢迎旅游项目的活动内容和运营情况，发现为期两天的行程最有助于合理安排游览时间和活动内容，在帮助当地居民开发和保护本土价值的同时，也可为游客创造精彩的体验。研究发现，由于缺乏定期维护，林间步道受坡度、土壤成分、排水性能和气候条件影响较大。同时，土地使用情况跟随休耕周期（三年）而变化。最终，本项目提出通过迂回发展来构建本土韧性，串连上述动态节点、组织游览路线。其中，方案一强调生计间的差异，即“外部差异”：在游览过程中，游客们被分为两组，分别体验不同的生计，而后互相交流分享各自对景观的看法。方案二专为搬迁安置点设计，关注本土价值的延续，即“内部相似性”：在游览中融入民俗文化体验、历史情境展示等活动，唤起人们对本土文化身份的认同，进而更好地展望未来。这两套方案被分别应用于辛乌多姆村和坤康村。本文所提出的适应性框架适用于老挝北部的所有村庄，在应用时应遵循各村庄自身的发展历程，以避免社会文化的同质化。

关键词

后疫情时期发展；生态旅游；景观谱系；本土韧性；生态徒步；老挝北部

Abstract

After two years of sporadic lockdowns, northern Laos has fully reopened to travelers. However, communities have shown indifference to ecotourism recovery that provides ecological services; prioritized alternatives such as rubber concession are diminishing indigenous sociocultural values and turning ancestral soils into exploitative grounds in exchange for economic returns. Disappearance of historical traces may ultimately homogenize communities’ indigenous sociocultural significance. In light of such fragility, Development Detours offers an adaptive framework of landscape genealogies by using two tailored formulas externally and internally. The proposal constructs resilience by detouring development progression, interconnecting nodes of chronicle as a rework of presence. Two villages along the Nam Tha River, namely Sin Oudom and Khon Kham, were selected for their ongoing frictions. While formula one emphasizes “differences” between livelihoods by reconnecting nonlinear spatio-temporality into discursive viewpoints, formula two delineates “collectiveness” by acknowledging myths, traditions, and legacies of practices as a celebration of identities. By utilizing account as a forward-minded approach, history is adapted to the present.

Keywords

Post-pandemic Development; Ecotourism; Landscape Genealogies; Indigenous Resilience; Eco-trekking; Northern Laos