《景观设计学》2022年第1期

©马哲

别让更多的桃花源消失在黎明之前

——构建服务于高品质旅居生活的新型基础设施暨桂林成就世界级旅游城市的三项建议

（俞孔坚，《景观设计学》2022年第1期“主编寄语”）

We Cannot Lose Rural Paradises Anymore

—Building New Infrastructure for Quality Residential Tourism and Three Suggestions for Guilin Towards a World-Class Tourist City, by Yu Kongjian

广西桂林、安徽黄山、江西婺源、四川凉山、云南大理、贵州兴义、新疆吐鲁番、海南岛全境、西藏全境等地，都拥有堪称得天独厚的自然与文化资产和气候条件，完全可以成为世界级的旅居目的地。但长期以来，当地单一的观光旅游开发模式使这类优质资产得不到应有的价值体现；同时，粗暴的基础设施建设方式（包括大规模的乡村拆迁和工业化的乡村水利工程等）和粗放的土地开发模式，使大量不可再生的自然景观和乡土文化景观遭到破坏。随着城市化水平的提高，人民对美好生活的需求和审美品位不断提高，旅居生活将成为未来社会的重要产品需求，而那些看似寻常的乡土文化景观资产将成为稀缺资源。

2022年4月，中央财经委员会第十一次会议召开，研究全面加强基础设施建设问题。在新的基础设施建设高潮来临之际，中国广大具有独特自然和文化景观的区域，有必要规划和建设面向未来的世界级旅居目的地的新型基础设施，并有必要尽快制定相应的乡村土地利用策略，避免更多的桃花源消失在黎明之前。在同一时间，桂林市召开“2022年漓江论坛”，笔者向桂林市政府提出“成就世界级旅游城市的三项建议”，旨在呼吁相关决策者抓住即将到来的基础设施建设和正在进行的乡村振兴的机遇，构建面向未来、作为世界级旅居目的地的新型基础设施，并制定新型乡村土地利用策略。

桂林打造世界级旅游城市的行动面临重大挑战——既要保护绿水青山，又要成为金山银山。唯一的途径是提升桂林山水这一世界级魅力景观的生态系统服务，将低质量的观光旅游转型为高品质的世界级旅居生活产业。这意味着需要构建一种服务于高品质旅居生活的新型基础设施——生态基础设施、慢行基础设施，以及促进乡村活化、满足浸入式旅居生活方式的土地利用机制。为此，笔者提出以下三项关键措施和建议。

第一项建议，构建魅力景观网络。为兑现桂林山水景观的巨大生态系统服务价值，这一魅力景观网络需从宏观、中观、微观三个尺度构建，形成“一心两环”格局：“一心”为桂林城区，“两环”分别是南部的“山水旅居环”和北部的“乡土遗产环”，漓江就是这“一心两环”之间的纽带。同时，这一魅力景观网络可通过以下四类国土保护和修复措施来实现。

1）国土海绵化。以流域为单位构建水韧性国土，利用基于自然的解决方案调节旱涝：源头滞蓄雨水，径流过程减速消能，末端建立适应性景观，使国土得以滋润，万物生机勃勃。

2）水系去硬化。河道渠化硬化是桂林山水景观的大敌，钢筋水泥修筑的防洪堤坝使水生态系统和山水景观的价值都遭受了毁灭性损害。

3）田园有机化。对具有独特魅力的乡村地区而言，绿色有机产品生产所能带来的综合生态系统服务价值远远高于工业化量产的大宗农产品，尤其是就田园景观的审美启智服务而言。即使不能在全国范围内实现生态和绿色农业，至少桂林等少数魅力景观区域具有推行试点项目的潜力。

4）乡村遗产保护和活化。过去几十年间，大量传统村落被拆迁，可谓一去不复还；同时，残存的村落也面临大面积凋敝。然而，被动保护只能使凋敝加速，唯一的出路在于活化利用——在保护乡村遗产原真性的同时，基于可逆、可辨识的原则，活化利用乡村遗产，使其成为魅力景观的一部分。

第二项建议，游在画中——浸入式体验，构建慢行网络，实现自由行旅。经过一年的研究，我们构想了一个覆盖桂林全域、以“三横三纵一环”为骨架的绿道网络，为全域自由行旅提供慢行系统，包括自行车道、水上游览系统、步道、马道，以及一条小火车专用游览线。该慢行系统北至灵渠，南到阳朔，串联起众多重要古镇和古村，使魅力景观能够最大限度地服务于旅居者的需求。在此基础上，重点打造漓江两岸的慢行系统。与服务于传统观光旅游产业，追求快速、大运量、集中式交通组织方式不同，慢行系统是低干扰、渗透式和潜入式的，由景观解说系统和驿站服务系统连接魅力景观节点、文化服务设施和栖居地，可以更好地服务于旅居者自由分散、慢行和浸入式的个体活动。

第三项建议，居在画中——活化画里乡村的诗意生活。这种诗意栖居、生态优农、自由行旅、研学启智、艺术文创五位一体的生活模式，笔者称之为“望山生活”，亦是桂林全境实现从低质量的观光旅游走向世界级高质量旅居目的地的途径。该生活模式的实施难点在于需兼顾集体建设用地的资本化与社会资本的安全保障，即在保障村民利益的前提下激活闲置资产。采用插队和拼贴模式[1]，可以盘活漓江两岸52个村庄的闲置用地，共计约15km2，改造出5.4万张适宜于高品质旅居者需求的床位，每年为广大村民增加营收近100亿①。如此，有望在满足城市旅居者对山水画卷般幸福生活的向往的同时，实现漓江两岸广大地区的乡村振兴。

依据上述三大关键策略建议，终将实现旅游方式的变革，成就桂林从低质量的观光游览地向高质量、可持续发展的世界级旅居目的地的转型。这些策略仅要求低成本投入就能够持续提升山水和田园景观魅力，带动当地经济增长，成就乡村振兴和共同富裕目标，真正使绿水青山成为金山银山——这三项建议也同样可为其他具有成为世界级旅居目的地潜力的区域决策者提供参考。

① 数据来源：2021年北京大学和土人设计课题组田野调查。

With blessed assets in natural resources, cultural legacy, and climatic conditions, a number of regions throughout China—such as Guilin in Guangxi Province, Huangshan in Anhui, Wuyuan in Jiangxi, Liangshan in Sichuan, Dali in Yunnan, Xingyi in Guizhou, Turpan in Xinjiang, as well as Hainan Island and Tibet—are qualified as world-class residential tourism destinations. For years, single-purpose tourism-oriented development modes have failed to fully manifest such high-value assets; meanwhile, extensive infrastructure construction (large-scale rural demolition, industrialized rural water conservancy projects, etc.) and generic land development strategies have irreversibly destroyed a large number of vernacular natural and cultural landscapes. With the increased urbanization level, people’s growing demand for a good life and aesthetic opportunities will boost residential tourism in the near future, when these seemingly so-ordinary vernacular cultural landscapes will become scarce resources.

In April 2022, the 11th meeting of the Communist Party of China's Central Financial and Economic Committee promoted the integrated advances in infrastructure development. To seize the opportunities in current infrastructure construction, it is necessary to plan and build a new type of infrastructure system for vast areas of China where world-class residential tourism destinations can be created based on vernacular natural and cultural landscapes, and to develop related rural land use strategies proactively, avoiding the loss of more rural paradises. Synchronously, at the “Lijiang River Forum 2022” held in Guilin City, the author proposed Three Suggestions to Achieve a World-Class Tourist City to the Guilin Municipal Government. In the context of the upcoming infrastructure development and the ongoing rural revitalization, it is the time to build future world-class residential tourism destinations by constructing a new type of infrastructure system with related rural land use strategies.

Such an ambition challenges Guilin to both protect its outstanding natural resources and boost local economic growth. The wise solution is to improve the ecosystem services of its prominent natural landscapes, transforming its existing traditional tourism towards world-class residential tourism. This requires the city to develop a supporting infrastructure system, including ecological slow-traffic infrastructures and land use strategies that promote rural activation and meet the needs for immersive residential tourism. To this end, the author proposes the following three key suggestions.

First, develop a Charming Landscape Network. At macro-, meso-, and micro-scales, this network will form a “one-heart, two-rings” pattern that can tap the values of the ecosystem services of Guilin landscapes. “One-heart” refers to the urbanized area of Guilin, and “two-rings” refers to the “residential tourism landscape ring” in the south and the “rural heritage ring” in the north. Lijiang River runs across and links up the heart and rings. Four measures of land protection and restoration are suggested for the construction of this Charming Landscape Network.

1) Build territorial land sponges. Nourish land by improving water-resilience at watershed scale; alleviate droughts and floods with Nature-Based Solutions; and store rainwater at the source, decelerate runoff, and establish an adaptive landscape at the end.

2) De-harden water system. Channelization has deteriorated Guilin landscapes, where concreate dams ruthlessly damage both water ecosystems and the landscape values.

3) Develop organic farming. For rural areas with unique landscapes, farmlands for organic products can bring about higher overall ecosystem services than those for industrialized bulk agricultural products, especially concerning the aesthetic enlightenment service. Considering difficulties in popularizing ecological green agriculture nationwide, cities such as Guilin with unique landscapes can become pilots to develop organic farming.

4) Protect and revitalize rural heritage. In the past decades, many historic villages have been demolished, while the remaining ones are tumbledown. A tactical approach to revitalizing these villages, instead of adopting passive protection methods that offer little help in the dilapidation, is to integrate such rural heritage as part of the unique landscapes by preserving their identifiable authenticity under principles of reversible transformation.

Second, construct a slow traffic system for immersive self-service individual travelers. Based on a one-year research, the author’s team proposed a slow-traffic tourist network with a skeleton consisting of a series of crossed greenways and a green loop, which covers the whole area of Guilin with trails for cycling, walking, horse riding, and water tour, as well as a railway for mini tour train. Spanning from Lingqu Canal in the north to Yangshuo County on the south, the tourist network also links up a number of ancient towns and villages, allowing visitors to better enjoy the attractive landscapes. The slow traffic system along Lijiang River will be key to the entire network. Different from the high-speed, intensive traffic system to support traditional tourism, the slow traffic system minimizes human interference onto the nature and encourages diverse immersive activities supported by carefully designed landscape nodes, cultural facilities, and homestay connected by interpretation and service systems.

Third, revitalize the poetic lifestyle in villages, i.e., “Wangshan lifestyle” (literally mountain-viewing lifestyle) as called by the author, which is composed by poetic settlements, ecological agriculture, self-serve travel, educational enlightment, and artist and cultural creation. This is also an approach to realizing Guilin’s transition from a traditional tourist city to a world-class residential tourism destination. One main difficulty in this process is to balance the capitalization of collective construction land and the security of social capital, which means to activate idle assets by guaranteeing the interests of the locals. The “collage living–production” mode[1] proposed for Guilin can vitalize idle lands in the 52 villages in the riverfront, which cover an area of 15-square-kilometer and is planned to accommodate 54,000 beds for visitors. The estimated annual revenue is approximately 10 billion yuan①. In this way, while realizing the rural revitalization of vast areas along Lijiang River, visitors can also have a joyful time within the picturesque landscapes.

The above three strategic suggestions for Guilin’s future development that require low inputs while can substantively promote local economic growth will ultimately renovate the regional tourism mode by transforming the city into a sustainable residential tourism destination with charming countryside landscapes. These suggestions which respond to the idea that lucid waters and lush mountains are exactly invaluable assets and facilitate rural revitalization and common prosperity can also provide reference for decision-makers of other areas with the same potential to become world-class residential tourism destinations.

^REFERENCE

^{[1]  Yu, K. (2017). New ruralism movement in China and its impacts on protection and revitalization of heritage villages: Xixi’nan experiment in Huizhou District, Anhui Province. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32(7), 696-710. doi:10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.2017.07.004}

^{① Data source: the field survey in 2021 by the research group from Peking University and Turenscape.}

主编寄语

别让更多的桃花源消失在黎明之前——构建服务于高品质旅居生活的新型基础设施暨桂林成就世界级旅游城市的三项建议（俞孔坚）

论文

山城一体背景下街道步行空间景观视觉美学质量测度、评价与优化——以山东省济南市旧城片区为例（安淇，肖华斌，郭研馨，吴俊颖）

野火适应性放牧管理——以地中海盆地放牧管理技术实践应用为例（埃米莉·施里克曼，布雷特·米利根）

城市河流生态修复的生态审美偏好影响机制研究：基于江苏省昆山市的实证研究（王敏，侯晓晖，汪方心怡，汪洁琼）

观点与评论

色彩，田野工作，设计人类学——《绿的悖论：一个城市国家的景观》评论（李宾）

主题实践

降低污染和洪水威胁：以美国特拉华州威尔明顿市布兰迪万溪周边环境修复为例（盖伦·纽曼，蔡镇航，詹妮弗·霍尼，吕吴琦）

探索与过程

舞台布景——多视角设计研究（克里斯·里德，艾丽桑·赖特）

“现场实验室”：设计驱动的研究（艾米·怀特塞德斯，陈峥能）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers

【作者】肖华斌（XIAO Huabin），埃米莉·施里克曼（Emily SCHLICKMAN），汪洁琼（WANG Jieqiong）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】94页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2022年2月

【定价】68.00元

山城一体背景下街道步行空间景观视觉美学质量测度、评价与优化

——以山东省济南市旧城片区为例

Landscape Visual Aesthetics Measurement, Assessment, and Improvement of Street Pedestrian Spaces in Mountainous Cities

—Case Study on the Historic Downtown of Jinan, Shandong Province

作者：安淇，肖华斌，郭研馨，吴俊颖  AN Qi, XIAO Huabin, GUO Yanxin, WU Junying

摘要

城市街道步行空间承载了居民日常通勤、交往和游憩等重要活动，其景观视觉资源是城市景观风貌的重要组成部分，也是提升街道空间品质和活力、引导城市健康可持续发展的重要载体。同时，作为城市空间架构的重要生态载体与自然要素，山体在打造“山城一体”的城市空间结构与景观风貌特征中起着重要作用。

本研究以具有典型山城空间特色的济南市旧城片区为例，在分析街道步行空间景观视觉审美表现特征——自然性、多样性、开阔性、协调性和干扰性——的基础上，基于街景图像数据对街道步行空间景观视觉美学质量进行了测度，同时对高视觉美学质量城市山体景观可见街道进行了识别；最后，根据街道步行空间景观视觉美学质量综合评价结果，提出了针对不同等级城市道路结合山体风貌协调的步行空间景观视觉美学质量优化建议，以期为打造“山城一体、城景相融”的城市景观风貌和引导城市健康可持续发展提供借鉴。

关键词

山城一体；街道步行空间；景观视觉美学质量；高视觉美学质量城市山体景观可见度；定量评价；城市街景

ABSTRACT

Urban streets support citizens’ daily commuting and social and recreational activities. Streetscape is also a visual resource and an important part of urban landscape appearance. Serving as an important ecological base and natural components of urban spatial structure, mountains often determine a city’s spatial layout and landscape identity so as to promote mountain-city integration. The study focuses on the historic downtown of Jinan, a typical mountainous city, analyzes the landscape aesthetic visual characteristics of street pedestrian spaces, and measures their landscape visual aesthetic quality by using panoramic images; the research then evaluates the visibility of high-visual-aesthetic-quality urban mountainous landscape to urban streets; finally, based on the overall landscape visual aesthetic quality evaluation results of urban street pedestrian spaces, the paper proposes a series of optimization suggestions of the streets at different levels to improve the harmony with urban mountain landscapes. The study hopes to provide a reference for the creation of mountain–city-integrated urban landscapes, as well as the healthy and sustainable urban development.

KEYWORDS 

Mountain-City Integration; Street Pedestrian Space; Landscape Visual Aesthetic Quality; Visibility of High-Visual-Aesthetic-Quality Urban Mountainous Landscape; Quantitative Assessment; Urban Streetscape

野火适应性放牧管理

——以地中海盆地放牧管理技术实践应用为例

Shepherding for Wildfire Adaptation: 

A Case Study of Two Grazing Management Techniques in the Mediterranean Basin

作者：埃米莉·施里克曼，布雷特·米利根  Emily SCHLICKMAN, Brett MILLIGAN

摘要

全球环境变化不断加速，气候和起火条件，以及城市边缘用地情况的变化引发了更大规模、更猛烈、更频繁的野火灾害，其中地中海盆地及其他地中海型气候带地区尤甚。这些地区夏季干燥、炎热，植被具有易燃、火灾适存的特点，且存在大量可燃物质。为应对这类挑战，人们开始探索更有效、更综合、兼具多重效益的管理技术。

尽管已经尝试了多种管理方式来降低野火风险，但当前人们对于这些方式的应用潜力和局限性的认识仍然有限。放牧管理系统是其中一项策略性综合管理途径：通过啃食、踩踏，驯养的牛、羊、马等牧群在植被间（水平及垂直方向）创造出空隙，以此控制可燃物量，增强场地的野火适应性。本文探讨了两项放牧管理技术：1）“密林放牧”（Fire Flocking），一项在过度繁茂的森林中区划轮牧的技术，在减少可燃物的同时建立生态产业链；2）“基建之下”（Infrastructure Shadowing），一种在高压线下方实行计划性放牧的技术，有助于降低场地自燃风险，也从属于一项更大尺度的多功能综合景观管理规划项目。本研究以两个分别应用上述技术的项目为例，基于文献研究、利益相关者访谈和空间分析，从项目场地背景、应用技术、技术实施过程，以及发展趋势四个方面，阐述了这两个项目各自在开发及建成后评估过程中所取得的成果和所面临的挑战。

研究结果表明，策略性放牧管理途径经济有效，能够削减场地可燃物量，从而降低并减缓火势蔓延速度；其通过将场地划分为若干景观斑块，能够创造符合生态需求的栖息地；还能通过将项目带入人们的视野、引入公众参与环节或宣传推广，提高公众对于野火的认识。本研究展示了多功能综合景观管理系统通过可再生、演变式的方式应对野火的潜力。后续研究或可进一步探讨放牧降低野火风险的具体机制，建立行之有效的、全面的绩效评估体系，并探索如何将策略性放牧管理途径与多功能景观设计相整合。

关键词

野火；气候变化；野火管理；土地管理；景观适应；放牧管理措施

ABSTRACT

The risk of larger, more intense, and more frequent wildfires is growing across the world, especially in the Mediterranean Basin and regions of the world characterized by dry, hot summers, fire-prone and fire-adapted vegetation, and a build-up of fire fuels. These increased wildfire risks point toward a need for more effective and multi-beneficial management techniques. This paper explores two techniques aimed at reducing wildfire risk and bolstering wildfire adaptation through the act of shepherding: 1) “Fire Flocking,” a technique that employs the rotational grazing of animals in overgrown forests to reduce fuel loads and create a bio-based economy, and 2) “Infrastructure Shadowing,” a technique that develops a grazing program under high voltage power lines to reduce the risk of ignition. The study employs a descriptive case study methodology that combines a comprehensive literature review, stakeholder interviews, and spatial analysis; and evaluates the two cases to ascertain technical successes and challenges. While grazing systems are complex and have many variables needing to be considered, findings from the study suggest that creative and strategically designed grazing practices can slow the spread and decrease the intensity of wildfire events in a cost-effective manner, create desired habitats by developing mosaic-like landscape patches, and increase wildfire awareness. While it is clear that more experimentation should be done to explore how grazing can reduce wildfire risk, this study reveals the potential of multifunctional land stewardship practices to foster regenerative, evolutionary pathways with wildfire.

KEYWORDS 

Wildfire; Climate Change; Wildfire Management; Land Stewardship; Landscape Adaptation; Grazing System

城市河流生态修复的生态审美偏好影响机制研究：基于江苏省昆山市的实证研究

Influencing Mechanism of Ecological Aesthetic Preference on Urban River Ecological Restoration: A Case Study of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province

作者：王敏，侯晓晖，汪方心怡，汪洁琼  WANG Min, HOU Xiaohui, WANG Fangxinyi, WANG Jieqiong

摘要

为缓解城市河流生态修复中的“生态–审美”不协调关系，研究从生态审美的角度来剖析城市河流生态修复的绩效。本研究界定了“生态审美偏好”的概念，并构建了城市河流空间的生态审美偏好三重框架，总结了影响生态审美偏好的三大因子，即客体生态要素特征、审美主体社会文化背景和生态意识与知识水平。本文采用城市河流调查方法和调查问卷法，针对江苏省昆山市的24个典型样本河段展开实证研究，通过相关性分析与最优尺度回归，分析相关特征要素及其作用规律。研究结果表明：1）影响受访者生态审美偏好程度由强到弱依次为生态意识与知识水平、客体生态要素特征和审美主体社会文化背景；2）受访者对生态系统服务重要性的认知水平越高，对城市河流空间的喜爱程度越高；3）植被类型对生态审美偏好的影响比材质类型、物理环境类型更显著，且不同的组合类型会影响城市河流修复的综合效益。基于此，在城市河流生态修复规划设计与实施落地过程中，应考量生态与审美的综合价值，灵活组合客体生态要素类型，充分考虑社会需求，强化河流生态系统服务感知体验，同时提升公众生态意识与知识水平。

关键词

城市河流；河流空间；生态审美；生态修复；影响机制；公众审美偏好；昆山市

ABSTRACT

To balance the ecological–aesthetic relationship in urban river ecological restoration, the research analyzed the ecological aesthetics performance of related practice. By defining “ecological aesthetic preference” and establishing a triple framework of ecological aesthetic preference on urban riverfronts, the research summarized three major factors that impact ecological aesthetic preference. With the Urban River Survey method, 24 typical river section samples in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province were selected. Through correlation analysis and optimal scaling regression model, relevant characteristics and influencing mechanisms were analyzed. The results include that: 1) Individuals’ ecological awareness and knowledge level has the most significant impact, followed by ecological factor characteristics of riverfronts and individuals’ social–cultural characteristics; 2) The respondents having higher cognition on ecosystem services show a stronger aesthetic preference for urban riverfronts; and 3) Vegetation characteristics impact ecological aesthetic preference more than material and physical habitat characteristics, and different combinations would lead to various overall benefits of urban riverfronts. Therefore, urban river ecological restoration should better integrate ecological values and aesthetic values by flexibly combining spatial elements, meanwhile fully consider social demands for urban riverfronts, to promote people’s ecological awareness and knowledge level and provide them with better landscape perception of ecosystem services.

KEYWORDS

Urban River; Riverfront; Ecological Aesthetics; Ecological Restoration; Influencing Mechanism; Public Aesthetic Preference; Kunshan City

色彩，田野工作，设计人类学

——《绿的悖论：一个城市国家的景观》评论

Color, Fieldwork, and Design Anthropology

—A Review of Paradoxes of Green: Landscapes of a City-State

作者：李宾  LI Bin

摘要

如何以色彩为媒介理解城市景观空间？如何以民族志与田野工作的方法进行设计研究？为何设计人类学被看作是连接文字描述与行动的新学术领域？从环境保护的视角来看，某些城市环境中的“绿”是不可持续的——《绿的悖论：一个城市国家的景观》一书针对波斯湾地区的干旱城市国家巴林提出了这一悖论。在为期一年的步行田野工作中，该书作者加雷斯·多尔蒂分层解读了巴林城市景观中的绿色及其他色调，同时通过对周围环境细致入微的观察和深入访谈对这片干旱地区的历史文脉和城市绿化的当代价值进行了“深描”。作者将白色和米色视为巴林的环境色，并认为正是这两种色彩构成并维持着城市中的绿色空间。这部跨学科的著作定位于景观、城市研究和人类学的交叉领域，期冀为学术界和更广泛的受众提供一种理解景观中的城市生活，以及“绿色”如何在其中发挥作用的范式。

关键词

景观与城市生活；田野工作；色彩；绿色；城市国家；可持续性

ABSTRACT

What is the agency of color in comprehending urban landscape space? How could we use ethnography and fieldwork as a method of design research? Why is Design Anthropology considered an emerging field bridging description and action? The color of green in urban environments is sometimes not that green environmentally. This review targets the book Paradoxes of Green: Landscapes of a City-State in which this paradox can be well observed in an arid city-state—Bahrain of the Gulf region. Based on a year-long fieldwork informed by walking, the author Gareth Doherty read the layers of green and different hues in Bahrain’s urban landscape. With nuanced observations and encounters, Doherty interpreted a thick description of this arid geography, its cultural history and the present values of greening the city. The book considers white and beige the environmental colors to facilitate the possibilities of green in Bahrain. Situated in Landscape Architecture, Urban Studies, and Anthropology, this multidisciplinary piece of work would inform both academics and broader audience on understanding the urbanism of landscape around us and how “green” plays the role in it.

KEYWORDS 

Urbanism; Landscape; Fieldwork; Color; Green; City-State; Sustainability

降低污染和洪水威胁：

以美国特拉华州威尔明顿市布兰迪万溪周边环境修复为例

Reducing Threats From Contamination and Flood Damage: 

Restoring the Brandywine Creek Edge in Wilmington, Delaware, USA

作者：盖伦·纽曼，蔡镇航，詹妮弗·霍尼，吕吴琦  Galen NEWMAN, CAI Zhenhang, Jennifer HORNEY, LYU Wuqi

摘要

近年来，人们愈发关注公共卫生，以及因洪水灾害和环境污染而产生的有毒物质的迁移与转化问题。设计规划人员也一直在努力探索能够有效应对此类问题的解决方案，期望通过合适的定量方法评估相关方案的影响。

本文以美国威明顿市布兰迪万溪周边一处面积约为52.6hm2的场地为例，识别了场地所在街区当前面临的问题和需求：自20世纪中叶以来，场地经历了高度的工业化发展，除洪水威胁外，附近工业用地、棕地及合流污水管道中的污染物也会随洪水迁移至场地中，极大影响了人们的健康和生活质量。鉴于此，项目团队开发了一套分阶段实施的总体规划方案，以期减少雨洪径流并去除污染物，同时将场地中现有的棕地改造为环境优美的绿地，鼓励更具韧性的场地开发举措。

具体设计策略分为地形重塑、引入绿色基础设施和清除污染物三个步骤。方案计划将场地划分为废水处理及颜料制造区、商业区、艺术家聚集区和滨河绿地四个区域，各区域采取不同的污水处理和洪水缓解策略。此外，项目还期望通过增加住宅类型及居住人口的多样性，增进公众与布兰迪万溪的互动。

而后，项目应用长期水文影响评价（L-THIA）模型来衡量设计方案的影响和绩效。L-THIA模型是一种空间建模工具，可以估算以往或未来开发方案中雨水补给、雨水径流和非点源污染量的变化。项目利用L-THIA模型评估土地利用现状、城市现行土地利用规划及本研究中提出的总体规划方案的土地利用和污染物清除情况，即将不同区域的土地利用类型及其面积和相关土壤类型输入L-THIA模型中，估算不同污染物的负荷。结果显示，相较土地利用现状，本项目提出的总体规划方案能够更有效地减少雨水径流和污染负荷——雨水径流将减少约24.35%，污染物去除量将增加38.08%。

关键词

绿色基础设施；景观绩效；洪水韧性；污染；暴雨；L-THIA模型；方案评估

ABSTRACT

Located in Wilmington, Delaware, along the shoreline of the Brandywine Creek in the Greater Philadelphia/Delaware River Watershed, this project responds to a specific and critical need for the site as prioritized by multiple stakeholders. The project applies an innovative approach for quantifying increased flood resilience while simultaneously reducing contamination levels through the implementation of green infrastructure. To solve joint issues related to increased flood risk concurrent with higher potential for exposure to environmental contaminants transported in flood waters from adjacent industrial sites, brownfields, and combined sewer overflows, the research team develops a phased approach to decreasing stormwater runoff and pollutant loads on a 130-acre (52.6 hm2) site along the Brandywine Creek, applying the Long-Term Hydrologic Impact Assessment (L-THIA) model to quantify design impacts and performance of a master plan. Overall, the proposed master plan can reduce stormwater runoff and pollutant loads to levels significantly less than existing conditions or the current land use plan. Further, this research is unique in that it uses outputs from the L-THIA to compare existing conditions, effects of the current comprehensive plan, and impacts related to the proposed neighborhood-scaled master plan to evaluate the effectiveness between each scenario.

KEYWORDS 

Green Infrastructure; Landscape Performance; Flood Resilience; Contamination; Stormwater; L-THIA; Master Plan Assessment

舞台布景——多视角设计研究

Mise-en-Scène—Design Research Through Multiple Lenses

作者：克里斯·里德，艾丽桑·赖特  Chris REED, Alysoun WRIGHT

摘要

《舞台布景：城市景观的当下与未来》项目以书籍的形式向我们呈现了其设计研究成果，促使人们从更多视角去认识出版物和信息交流的全新作用，以及景观设计学科与我们日常生活的紧密联系。该项目展示了洛杉矶、加尔维斯顿、圣路易斯、绿湾、安阿伯、底特律和波士顿这七个美国城市中的人和人们的生活场景。

本项目的亮点主要包括以下四个方面。1）信息交流：《舞台布景》源自19世纪下半叶景观设计师与摄影师合作项目的传统。不同于一般的设计专著，本项目的传播媒介和信息来源多样、行文用词简单易懂，并且聚焦于当代人们所关心的日常生活问题，力求覆盖更广泛的受众。2）组织方式：《舞台布景》以七个城市的地理位置为序（由西向东），每个城市独立成章，从不同的尺度探索和描绘城市的方方面面，展示内容包括由设计师、活动家和生态学家等提供的照片、图纸、模型、草图、短文、文摘，以及社区活动简报。借由灵活的叙事结构，本书期望激发读者关于城市、景观项目和体验的更多思考。3）多元视角：书中记录了对Stoss景观城市主义工作室项目的反思——如何观察、调查和参与城市景观，并试图提供更加多样的观点，它们或可互补、或可复合，也或许相互矛盾。《舞台布景》旨在抛出问题、激发灵感，而非提出明确的解决方案。4）提供机遇：本项目以设计研究的形式在反映当下问题的同时提出了潜在的前进方向，其本身即是一种整合跨学科观点并面向公众的新模式。

本项目记录了克里斯·里德和Stoss景观城市主义工作室的众多实践和研究项目，展示了如何在不同尺度（从一条长凳到整个城市），通过空间设计解决塑造和影响了当代城市及城市景观的问题。与此同时，麦克·贝勒姆的摄影作品聚焦人与人之间的联系（而非设计本身），以此展示城市景观中所发生的琐碎日常和对景观令人意想不到的使用方式。

关键词

城市景观；公共空间；城市；摄影；景观设计学；交流

ABSTRACT

Mise-en-Scène is a design research project in the form of a book that expands the ways in which we think about the creative roles of publication and communication, and about our connections as a discipline to the issues and world around us. Taking from its title, Mise-en-Scène is an arrangement of the actors and sceneries that constitute our cities and lives.

This project is characterized by four features. Communication—Distinct from a design monograph, Mise-en-Scène is a collaboration between landscape architect Chris Reed and photojournalist Mike Belleme, directed towards a general audience. Arrangement—An arrangement of photographs, drawings, models, sketches, essays, literary excerpts, and community engagement quotes from designers, activists, and ecologists, offering greater multiplicity to the narrative and provoking new associations across cities, projects, and experiences. Perspective—A reflection of how Stoss Landscape Urbanism observes, investigates, and engages with our urban landscapes. Opportunity—Mise-en-Scène puts forth a new model of integrating interdisciplinary perspectives, as well as public audiences, within the formation of design research.

Built and speculative works, from Reed and the practice of Stoss, spatialize how these conditions coalesce—whether at the scale of a bench or the entirety of the city fabric. And through a foregrounding of human connection, rather than design, Belleme’s photography elucidates both the quotidian and fantastical occupation of these urban landscapes.

KEYWORDS

Urban Landscapes; Public Space; Cities; Photography; Landscape Architecture; Communication

“现场实验室”：设计驱动的研究

Laboratories of the Field: Inquiry by Design

作者：艾米·怀特塞德斯，陈峥能  Amy WHITESIDES, Albert Zhengneng CHEN

摘要

在景观设计领域，设计研究经常在生态、社会和政治体系中依照各体系中相应的语言、要求和限制条件构建本学科的学术话语体系。本文通过对Stoss景观都市主义工作室进行的多项设计项目进行简要说明，阐释了Stoss如何在不断变化的环境中，利用材料和场地作为设计实践的实验室，以此解决景观设计项目中的实际问题。通过建造小尺度装置和花园，Stoss在场地上测试设计想法，以此为后续项目提供适用的经验。与此同时，根据场地条件和变量的特点，Stoss模拟了生态动态和社会中使用者活动情景，为解决不同尺度的设计项目提供公众交流和调查方法。本文将Stoss的日常景观实践中的设计研究的项目特点总结为三个小节：1）通过小尺度装置和花园试验设计项目思路；2）将会随时间推移而变化的环境和社会动态融入到设计研究方向中，甚至将其作为工具，解决城市环境中的问题；3）利用数字化制造的技术将生物材料打造为可触碰的介质，探索新颖、创新的设计。

本文以几个Stoss早期设计或落地的项目为案例，突出项目的设计过程。例如在“装置”一节中，加拿大魁北克盛大梅蒂斯国际花园节的“安全区”、美国马萨诸塞州的哈佛大学拉德克利夫院子的“原料堆”和西丹尼斯的巴斯河公园项目，这三个实践在解决了技术难题的同时，收集材料并测试其效果，还通过项目建立起社会或生态互动。这些项目可为未来进行的项目提供动力，甚至这些简单的设计想法可以发展为更大尺度的设计项目。在“动态”一节中，美国剑桥市的三角公园和哈佛广场、安阿伯市的杰斯塔克树林和波士顿的莫克利公园均利用了动画和编程，进行设计与交流。这些技术可不断模拟该场地随时间演变的状态。“好奇心”一节重点介绍了菌丝体，一种可以形成蘑菇根部的生物材料在设计中的应用。上述思路和工具的使用为设计研究传统的目的和方法提供了一个新的视角，并进一步讨论了设计师应如何在这种新的研究形式中发挥主导作用，以及相关研究结果如何解决未来可能出现的问题。

关键词

设计实验；景观设计；过程；动态；动画；城市森林；花园

ABSTRACT

In the field of Landscape Architecture, design as research has been frequently addressed in the academic discourse. This article provides a snapshot of how design practice at Stoss Landscape Urbanism contributes to the discourse through applied practice and implementation as a research enquiry into the dynamics of and human response to the everchanging environment. This “design as research” in daily practice emerges as three episodes: 1) demonstration of ideas through experimentations and garden installations; 2) environmental and social dynamics as both research interests and tools with which to tackle challenges in urban environments and change over time; and 3) digital fabrication with biological materials as a tactile media to explore curiosity and creativity in design. The use of these tactics and tools offers a fresh perspective on the conventional definition of research and the methods and means through which designers continue to develop and test innovative solutions to social and environmental challenges. Looking retrospectively at the progression of applied research and its influence on projects across scales, Stoss provides insights into design process and reinforces the importance of continued exploration and testing within design practice. 

KEYWORDS

Design Experimentation; Landscape Architecture; Processes; Dynamics; Animation Tools; Urban Forest; Garden