《景观设计学》2021年第1期

俞孔坚•城市荒野：另一种文明——《景观设计学》2021年第1期“主编寄语”

^{Urban Wildness as Another Civilization, by Yu Kongjian}

景观滋养了人类的身体和心灵，连同人类的欲望——从生存和生理需求，到归属感与认同感的获得，再到自我价值的实现，也都应景观而生。

城市中的荒野是工业文明桎梏下的野性遗漏，是由金属与玻璃构建的寂寥城市的凄美回眸和慰藉。好奇与探索的天性让人类文明在发展的道路上一往无前：从非洲草原走向亚洲丛林、欧洲冻原、美洲荒漠……于是，粗糙的矿石被打磨成光滑的玉器，黏土变作了洁白的瓷具，燧石的火星烧去了原野的荒芜，殖民地中的野花经过培育成为了贵族花园中的奇葩，自由流淌的溪流被改造为光滑的河渠，沼泽被开垦为田园和城镇……这是一条逐渐背离荒野的文明之路，城市、农田和园林在化石能源和机械力的推动下，不断取代原生的自然；自然的野性被日益驯化。“光滑”“精致”“高雅”和“温顺”等渐渐成为当代文明的重要特征。现代城市是当前最高层次文明的载体和象征，却已被演绎为用塑料、金属和玻璃搭建的宫殿——光鲜亮丽、不着尘埃，野草和昆虫失去容身之所，自然和野性只存在于电子屏幕和声光电的感官刺激之中。失去野性的人类，正如豢养在拉斯维加斯五星级酒店玻璃房中的老虎，寂寥而萎靡。于是，野性和荒野被重新提起。

城市荒野之于人类文明和城市化，恰如困兽囚笼中的一棵绿树、一丛野草或一条溪流。从发生学意义上讲，部分城市荒野作为原生自然的遗存斑块或廊道得以在城市中幸存，如残存的湿地（哈尔滨群力湿地公园等）；此外更多的是挣脱了文明约束的次生自然，如在荒废的灰色基础设施中恣意繁衍的自然（纽约高线公园的前身等）。城市荒野并不局限于荒野景观（wildscape或wilderness），还包含保留了野性（wildness）的、不受人工干预的自然过程和生物——从自由流淌的径流、未被改造的土壤和栖息其中的微生物、自由繁衍的乡土植物，到从水泥地中挣扎而出的野草和排水沟石壁上顽强生长的灌丛、随季节而生长凋落的树叶、能够感知天时的鸡鸣和蛙声……

从生态学意义上讲，城市荒野作为自然生态系统，依照自然规律做功，并以其自身逻辑建立起深邃的秩序，是保障城市生态系统健康和可持续性的要素。它为人类社会提供了不可或缺的生态系统服务，诸如净化空气和水、调节城市微气候、维持乡土生物多样性等。

从文化和心理学意义上讲，城市荒野的审美启智功能让人类探索未知的天性得以释放——这正是推动文明进步的原动力。于我看来，东西方哲人的深邃思考和智慧大多来源于荒野：如释迦摩尼的菩提树、穆罕默德的希拉山洞、王阳明的龙场山洞，以及梭罗的瓦尔登湖等。生态心理学认为，人与自然的日益分离将有损人类健康，而人类的健康源于地球的健康，疗愈人类身心疾病有赖于人与自然关系的修复，以及自然生态系统的修复[1]。景观感知的相关研究表明，景观的复杂性和可探索性决定了自然环境的美感[2]。相较而言，园艺化的景观（如修剪整齐的草坪）显得索然无味——它们纵然代表着文明进步、能令人获得须臾的喜悦和激动，却唤不起人类的探索欲望和冲动，也难以传达诗情画意的美感。

谈及“荒野”，我的思绪不由地回到了儿时的两处秘境——一处是村子最南边的风水林，那里葬着祖先的遗骨，林冠蔽日、蘑菇遍地、野花隐约，时而有野兽出没；另一处是我家半亩宅院里的水塘，杂草丛生、鱼鳖藏匿，萤火虫和着各种虫鸣翻飞——它们时刻吸引着我去探寻并收获惊喜，就像鲁迅的百草园。拥有这样的荒野秘境，是我不幸童年的最大幸事。遗憾的是，它们都在我告别童年后相继消失了。先是风水林被园田化的水渠和机耕路切割开，随后林中的树木被砍伐殆尽，黄土深处的蛇洞被挖开，整整一窝赤链蛇（Lycodon rufozonatus）曝尸路面，原先见过的许多鸟兽也从此绝迹；而后，我宅院中的水塘逐渐干涸，最终被填平并盖上了房子。好在这两处荒野秘境尚能偶尔出现在梦境之中，给我带来无限的欢愉。

来到北京求学后，我也曾迷恋过一处荒野，那就是圆明园遗址公园中的废墟。几乎在整个20世纪80年代，这里都是我的最爱，也是我恋爱时流连忘返的去处。深浅不一的坑塘与土丘交错分布，乱石散落其间，零星的精美石雕露出水面，水岸边被芦苇（Phragmites australis）、野慈姑（Sagittaria trifolia）和香蒲（Typha orientalis）等植被覆盖，走近时会有鱼蛙受惊，搅动起“啪啦”的水声。早春时节，遍地的苦荬菜（Ixeris polycephala）、毛地黄（Digitalis purpurea）、诸葛菜（Orychophragmus violaceus）、点地梅（Androsace umbellata）和紫花地丁（Viola philippica）给枯黄的土地铺上绚烂的彩色；此后，山桃（Prunus davidiana）、毛樱桃（Prunus tomentosa）、鼠李（Rhamnus davurica）、黄刺玫（Rosa xanthina）等相继开花。夏天的荫凉来自杨、柳、榆、槐、椿等乡土乔木，每一种乔木都因地势之高低和土地的不同湿度而统治着各自的群落，喜鹊（Pica pica）、灰喜鹊（Cyaponica cyanus）、乌鸦（Corvus sp.）和各种啄木鸟（Picidae spp.）栖息其间。秋天则被黄栌（Cotiuns coggygria）、山杏（Prunus sibirica）、银杏（Ginkgo biloba）和芦苇抢了风头，饱含野性的花青素让树叶红得热烈。我尤其喜爱冬天里的漫步——听冰裂的回声，看乌鸦在白杨树梢盘旋、苇穗在寒风中颤动，细赏残雪下的碑刻和悄悄觅食的麻雀。

但就在2008年北京奥运会举办前夕，为了向世界展示北京的文明和城市化水平，在“高雅化”和“美化”的名义下，这处举世无双的遗迹和最具北京特色的城市荒野，几乎在一夜之间被铲除：湖底铺上了防渗膜；荒野不再，取而代之的是光鲜的草坪与牡丹（Paeonia suffruticosa）、月季花（Rosa chinensis）等各色园艺花木，以及喜庆的灯笼。

为此，全国学界掀起了一场具有历史意义的捍卫圆明园废墟荒野的“抗争”运动[3]。而这场由生态学者和环保人士发起、全国大部分媒体参与其中的大讨论，赋予了圆明园注解文明与荒野的标本意义：这里最早是天然山前沼泽湿地，后来被开垦为稻田，形成素有北方“江南”之美誉的农业文明景观；继而为康熙、乾隆所钟爱，仿江南文人山水构筑起象征帝国大一统和富华的皇家园林；而后又被西方列强所焚毁，成为西方工业文明之崛起和中华农业文明之衰弱的标志；接着被撂荒，自然恢复其统治地位，百年的风霜雨雪和生物群落之演替，使圆明园遗址变成了拥有丰富文化与自然遗产的城市荒野。

值得一提的是，当代表中华造园艺术巅峰的圆明园被付之一炬之时，西方的先哲们已经在思考荒野的意义：“我们所说的野性是有别于我们自身文明的另一种文明”[4]。显然，梭罗所说的“自身文明”是当时西方社会为之狂热的工业文明。近150年后，当圆明园废墟被高雅化和城市化的力量所主导时，一场维护城市荒野的抗争也正在中国悄然发生……这场抗争，正是过程曲折而生动的“两种文明的斗争”[5]。如今，一种崇尚野性的新的文明——生态文明——正在崛起。

29年前，我曾独自沿瓦尔登湖漫步，沉浸在启迪哲人思考的荒野之中，脑中回荡着他的妙句——“世界保存于荒野之中”“最有活力的人是最具野性的人”[4]，这亦是我对于城市荒野的理解。这里的“人”不仅代表人类个体，也可指某个群体、城市、民族、国家，乃至整个人类物种及人类的文明社会。因而，捍卫城市荒野是人类走向更高层次文明的必经之路。

^{Urban wildness has become the lost pearl in the industrialized city built with metal and glass. Human civilization continuously advances due to humans’ instincts of curiosity and exploration—from African savannahs to Asian jungles, European tundra, and to American deserts.... Gradually, the rough ores were polished into jades and clay was made into porcelains; the sparks lighted by firestones burned away wild plains; wildflowers were cultivated into horticultural flowers in aristocratic gardens; free-running rivers turned into canals; marshes occupied for urban and rural developments…. With fossil energy and mechanical technology, cities, farmlands, and gardens have been constantly displacing the nature, and the wildness is disappearing. Henceforth, “smooth,” “exquisite,” “elegant,” and “docile” now become “synonyms” of modern civilization. Modern cities magnifying the advance of civilization have evolved into a bright, beautiful, and clean palace built with plastic, metal, and glass, where however weed and insect habitats are increasingly eliminated; the nature and wildness, instead, only exists as virtual reality presented by electronic devices. Human beings lost their instinct of wildness, as lonely and dispirited tigers living in the glass cages of fancy hotels. It is time to call for the wildness.}

^{Urban wildness is encroached in civilization and urbanization processes, exactly like the trees, clumps of weeds, or streams in the tiger cages. In a phylogenetic sense, urban wildness exists as primary nature in forms of debris of natural patches or corridors, such as remained wetlands (e.g., Harbin Qunli Stormwater Park), and as secondary nature which is free from human intervention, such as the natural vegetation growing in the abandoned gray infrastructure (e.g., the previous site of the High Line in New York). In addition to such wildscapes, urban wildness also includes the natural process or creatures (such as the natural runoffs, soils and microbes, spontaneous plants, weeds in concrete cracks, shrubs growing tenaciously on the stone walls of drains, leaves growing and falling seasonally, and cocks and frogs singing in different weathers) that are free from human intervention.}

^{Ecologically, urban wildness is key to sustaining a healthy urban ecosystem as it can work with the laws of nature and the internal deep order as a natural ecosystem, which provides ecosystem services critical to human society, including air and water purification, microclimate regulation, and the maintenance of local biodiversity.}

^{Urban wildness is also of cultural and psychological significance. Inspired by the aesthetics of urban wildness, humans explore the unknown world by their instinct, which is the motivity to civilization advancing. The wildness is also considered inspiration source of both eastern and western philosophers, such as the Bodhi tree for Sakyamuni Buddha, the Cave of Hira for Muhammad, the Longchang Cave for Wang Yangming, and the Walden Pond for Henry David Thoreau. Ecological psychology believes that human beings separated from the nature may suffer from health problems, which could be alleviated by re-establishing the human–nature harmony and restoring the natural ecosystem[1]. Research on landscape perception also proves that complex and explorable landscapes contribute to creating beautiful natural environments[2]. Their horticultural counterparts (such as well-manicured lawns) are dull—no matter how civilized or pleasant they are, they can neither attract humans to explore, nor convey a poetic aesthetic sense.}

^{Speaking of “wildness,” I could not help but reminisce about two fairylands in my childhood—one was the Fengshui forest in the south of my village, where the ancestors’ remains were entombed, with mushrooms growing under the trees, and scattered wildflowers and wild animals around; the other was the pond in my courtyard, which covered an area of about 300 m2 and homed fish and turtles, with overgrown weeds and dancing fireflies with other insects. For me, they were as attractive and explorative as the Baicao Garden for Lu Xun, which dispelled the gloom in my childhood. Unfortunately, they all disappeared years later: the Fengshui forest was substituted by farmlands with channels and roads, trees cut down, snake holes excavated and dead Lycodon rufozonatus saw everywhere, and native birds and beasts vanishing; soon after, the courtyard pond dried up and was eventually filled up to build a house. Till now, I could still dream about these fairylands of wildness, bringing me much pleasure.}

^{When studying in Beijing, I was fascinated by the ruins and wildness of Yuan-ming Yuan, which was the dreamland in my twenties, as well as a dating place with my beloved. Ponds, mounds, and rocks scattered on the site, and exquisite stone carvings stood in the lake. Phragmites australis, Sagittaria trifolia, and Typha orientalis grew on the lakesides; When approached by people, fish and frogs splashed in the water. In early spring, Ixeris polycephala, Digitalis purpurea, Orychophragmus violaceus, Androsace umbellate, and Viola philippica brought colors and vibrancy to the land; since then, Prunus davidiana, Prunus tomentosa, Rhamnus davurica, and Rosa xanthina bloomed one after another. Native dominant trees with leafy shade in summer, such as poplars, willows, elms, locust trees, and trees of heaven, formed vegetation communities with varied terrain and moisture conditions, where Pica pica, Cyaponica cyanus, Corvus sp., and several Picidae species inhabited. Colored-leaf trees such as Cotiuns coggygria, Prunus sibirica, and Ginkgo biloba, as well as Phragmites australis, together created an alluring autumn wildscape. In winter, I loved walking on the frozen river surface, enjoying echoes of ice cracking, watching crows hovering over the poplar trees and reeds trembling in the wind, and appreciating the inscription covered by snow and the quietly foraging sparrows.}

^{Sadly, on the eve of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the world-level stunning heritage of urban wildness manifesting historic characteristics of Beijing was almost eliminated in the name of beautification. The lakebeds were covered with anti-seepage geotextile; wild plants were removed and replaced with Paeonia suffruticosa, Rosa chinensis, and other colorful horticultural species, ornamented with festive lanterns.}

^{At the same time, scholars all over the country set off a “protest” movement to defend the relics and the wildness of Yuan-ming Yuan[3]. This nationwide debate, initiated by ecologists and environmentalists and supported by public media, highlighted Yuan-ming Yuan’s symbolic significance in human civilization and urban wildness. The original site of the park was a natural marsh in front of mountain, and then reclaimed as a rice field, forming a landscape of agricultural civilization reputed as the “Watertown of North China”; during the reigns of Kangxi and Qianlong from the 17th to 18th century, the park was expanded into an imperial grand garden that imitated the remarkable poetic landscapes in lower reaches of Yangtze River; afterwards, the park was destroyed by the war between the rising western industrial civilization and the collapsing Chinese agricultural civilization; over the past century, natural succession dominated the site again and made the park an urban wildness with rich cultural and natural heritage.}

^{It is worth mentioning that when Yuan-ming Yuan—the pearl of Chinese gardening art—was ruined, western philosophers were exploring the implications of wildness: “What we call wildness is a civilization other than our own.”[4] The “civilization of our own” mentioned by Thoreau here undoubtedly referred to the industrial civilization fanatically pursued by the western world. However, nearly 150 years later, the fight against the prevalent beautification and urbanization happened. This defense of urban wildness is exactly a “conflict between two civilizations.”[5] Today, a new civilization that embraces wildness—ecological civilization—is rising.}

^{I still remember the days when I walked alone along the Walden Pond 29 years ago. During my immersing in the wildness, the ideas of Thoreau echoed in my head—“In wildness is the preservation of the world,” “the most alive is the wildest.”[4] It is exactly my understanding of urban wildness. For me, “the most alive” here can not only refer to a person per se, but also to a certain group, city, nation, country, and even the entire human race and human civilization. Therefore, defending urban wildness is the only way for humans to move toward a higher level of civilization.}

^REFERENCES

^{[1] Roszak, T. (2001). The Voice of the Earth: An Exploration of Ecopsychology. Newburyport, MA: Red Wheel / Weiser.}

^{[2] Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (1989). The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.}

^{[3] Yu, K. (2003). Be Kind to the Ruins of Yuan-ming Yuan—Speech at the Symposium of “Restorative Planning for Yuan-ming Yuan”. Beijing Planning Review, Supplement, 53-55.}

^{[4] Thoreau, H. D. (1906). The Writings of Henry D. Thoreau. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin and Company.}

^{[5] Yu, K. (2020). The Conflict between Two Civilizations: On Nature-Based Solutions. Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 8(3), 4-9.}

主编寄语

城市荒野：另一种文明（俞孔坚）

城市荒野：夹缝中的自然与机遇（袁嘉）

论文

城市荒野景观：内涵与价值审视（邵钰涵，徐欣瑜，袁嘉）

基于植被再野化的城市荒野生境重建——以野花草甸为例（袁嘉，游奉溢，侯春丽，欧桦杰，尹渊）

城市闲置地块的生态自我修复特征研究——以北京林业大学校园为例（尹豪，罗婧，宁雅萱，刘芳妮）

育野：技术多样性与机器中的“野”（张子豪，耿百利）

景观规划视角下的生态系统服务研究动态——第十届生态系统服务伙伴全球会议综述（姜芊孜，窦月含，任震）

观点与评论

城市野境：比“城市荒野”更准确的措辞（万斯•G•马丁，梅拉尼•希尔）

与荒野共生：城市绿地的发展前景（英戈•科瓦里克）

从瓦砾堆到自然保护区——加拿大多伦多汤米–汤普森公园（沃尔特•科姆，彼得•德尔•特雷迪奇）

生态种植势在必行：创建功能性的系统，而非程式化的生态（托马斯•雷纳）

主题实践

城市荒野景观营造：以上海乡土生态科普示范基地为例（郭陶然，山冰沁）

探索与过程

培育城市荒野（蔡哲铭）

日本大阪城市边缘处的艺术与生态（帕特里克•M•莱登，姜受希）

呼唤野性（南希•西顿）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——城市荒野与植物设计

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers • Urban Wilderness and Planting Design

【作者】袁嘉（YUAN Jia），邵钰涵（SHAO Yuhan），徐欣瑜（XU Xinyu）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】164页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2021年2月

【定价】68.00元

城市荒野：夹缝中的自然与机遇

^{Urban Wilderness: Nature and the Potential in the Urban Cracks}

^{作者：袁嘉  YUAN Jia}

摘要

城市荒野是普遍存在于城市系统夹缝中的自然，可提供野生动植物生境及自然游憩地等，蕴藏着提升城市生态韧性的重要机遇。一方面，前所未有的城市化进程和公众的负面假设造成了城市荒野的不断缩减；另一方面，自然过程重新主导因工业衰退和城市收缩而产生的闲置土地，再野化理念与技术也逐步发展，突显了重建和激活城市荒野景观的巨大潜力。随着生态文明建设、“山－水－林－田－湖－草”生命共同体统筹协调，以及“基于自然的解决方案”在中国的不断推进，当前正是我们深入认知城市荒野、辨识其内涵与价值、构建认同并开展保护与修复实践的最佳时机。

关键词

城市荒野；生态机遇；生态文明；再野化；基于自然的解决方案

Abstract

^{Urban wilderness is the remnant nature existing within the cracks of urban context, which can provide habitats for wildlife and natural recreation areas, with significance in optimizing urban ecological resilience. On the one hand, the unprecedented urbanization processes and the public’s negative hypotheses on the concept have caused continuous reduction of urban wilderness; on the other hand, opportunities are seen in reconstructing and activating urban wilderness when natural processes return to dominate the idle lands resulting from industrial recession and urban shrinkage, and the rewilding concept and techniques develop gradually. With ecological civilization construction, the initiative of a systematic management of the mountains, waters, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands, and the advance of adopting Nature-Based Solutions in China, it is the best time to acknowledge urban wilderness in depth, identify its connotations and values, construct identity recognition, and carry out practices of conservation and restoration.}

Keywords

^{Urban Wilderness; Ecological Opportunity; Ecological Civilization; Rewilding; Nature-Based Solutions}

城市荒野景观：内涵与价值审视

^{The Intension and Values of Urban Wildscapes}

^{作者：邵钰涵，徐欣瑜，袁嘉  SHAO Yuhan, XU Xinyu, YUAN Jia}

摘要

城市的扩张、转型和收缩等进程为城市荒野景观的产生与发展创造了可能。在物理范畴上，城市荒野景观指生态过程基本维持以自然为主导，且具备类似自然荒野野性表征与功能类型的城市空间。隐含在城市中的荒野景观片段，其存在与持续得益于有限程度的人工管理和对自然做功的最小干预。由于自然过程与社会过程的共同作用与相互抗衡，城市荒野景观往往呈现出不同的“荒野度”。这类景观具有独特和不可替代的生态、人文、审美、经济及健康价值，引发了多学科关注和广泛认同。本文对城市荒野景观概念进行界定，梳理其内涵的构建与衍生历程，并在价值认同研究的基础上分析城市荒野景观的复合效益。内涵辨析与价值审视能够为城市荒野景观的实证研究打下重要的认知基础，为城市居民、规划设计者和管理者发现、欣赏、体验与可持续管理城市自然资源和生态网络提供科学支持，对中国城市的生态化发展具有现实的指导意义。

关键词

荒野；城市；城市自然；城市荒野景观；再野化

^Abstract

^{The process of urban sprawl, restructure, and shrinkage provides the possibility for the formation and evolution of urban wildscapes. Physically, urban wildscapes refer to the urban spaces where the ecology is basically dominated by natural processes and similar to the natural wilderness in appearance and functions. The existence and persistence of wilderness fragments in cities often result from the reduction of human management and with minimal intervention on the nature. Due to the different interactions and confrontations between natural processes and social processes, the wildness of urban wildscapes varies. The unique and irreplaceable values of urban widlscapes in ecology, culture, aesthetics, economy, and well-being have gained multi-disciplinary attention and been widely recognized. This paper defines the concept of urban wildscapes, reviews the conceptual development of its connotation, and analyzes the multiple benefits of urban wildscapes on the basis of value recognition research. It hopes to provide a value recognition framework for empirical studies, helping urban residents, planning designers, and managers identify, appreciate, experience, and sustainably manage natural resources and urban ecological network, and providing scientific guidelines for ecological urban development.}

Keywords

^{Wilderness; City; Urban Nature; Urban Wildscapes; Rewilding}

基于植被再野化的城市荒野生境重建——以野花草甸为例

^{Reconstruction of Urban Wilderness Habitats Based on Vegetation Rewilding: Taking Wildflower Meadows as an Example}

^{作者：袁嘉，游奉溢，侯春丽，欧桦杰，尹渊  YUAN Jia, YOU Fengyi, HOU Chunli, OU Huajie, YIN Yuan}

摘要

城市环境中残存着一些以自然过程为主导的荒野生境片段，在生物多样性保育、维持城市生态过程、连接人与自然等方面具有不可替代的作用。植被再野化提供了重建城市荒野生境的重要途径，旨在恢复严重退化的城市植物群落的物种组成、结构及功能，使其逐渐野化并达到自然过程基本不受人类干扰的程度。本文以野花草甸景观为例，提出了主动利用景观生态流、拟自然设计与最小限度干预进行城市植被再野化的技术框架；从自我设计、微地形设计、拟自然群落设计、植物–动物关键种协同共生设计，以及自然柔性材料运用等5个方面详细探讨并提供科学参考。同时，以重庆市梁平区双桂湖湖岸公园绿地为例，阐述了在“自然–人工”斑块复杂镶嵌的城市景观中进行植被再野化与荒野生境重建的实践原则与应用范式。

关键词

城市荒野；城市植物景观；再野化；生境；草本植物群落；野花草甸

Abstract

^{Fragments of wilderness dominated by natural succession exist in urban environments, and play a critical role in protecting biodiversity, supporting urban ecological processes, and connecting human beings with nature. Urban vegetation rewilding is a key approach to restricting urban wilderness by restoring the species composition, community structure and functions, eventually towards a self-maintained vegetation community. This paper, taking wildflower meadows as a reference, establishes a technical framework of urban vegetation rewilding by leveraging ecological flows and adopting quasi-nature design with minimum interventions. The framework covers 5 aspects, namely self-design, micro-topographic design, quasi-nature design, collaborative symbiosis design between plant community and keystone animal species, and design with natural materials. Studying the green space along the northwest lakeside of the Shuangguihu National Wetland Park in Liangping District, Chongqing, this paper provides a scientific guidance and technical paradigm for vegetation rewilding and urban wilderness restoration in the complex context of natural–artificial urban landscapes.}

Keywords

^{Urban Wilderness; Urban Plant Landscape; Rewilding; Habitat; Herbaceous Communities; Wildflower Meadow}

城市闲置地块的生态自我修复特征研究——以北京林业大学校园为例

^{The Characteristics of Ecological Self-restoration in Urban Idle Lands: A Case Study of Beijing Forestry University}

^{作者：尹豪，罗婧，宁雅萱，刘芳妮  YIN Hao, LUO Jing, NING Yaxuan, LIU Fangni}

摘要

疏于人工管理的城市闲置用地会自发生长出一些植物，混杂无序的生长状态形成荒野自然景观。在荒野状态下自然生长的植被特征最能反映生态自我修复发生的特征。本文对北京林业大学校园一处闲置用地内的自生植被进行了研究，调查分析其生成变化特征、植物种类、优势植物群落、生长条件及周边同种成株的情况，探讨了城市闲置地生态自我修复的初始特征。结果表明，闲置场地封闭管理后，自生植物很快出现，3年后自生植被覆盖了场地近1/3的面积；自生植物绝大多数为乡土植物，草本植物种类多于木本植物；在优势植物群落的构成中木本植物群落和草本植物群落数量相差不大；场地日照充分的情况下，土壤条件的差异对草本植物和木本植物的分布有着明显的影响。研究认为，即便是在生长条件极差的城市环境中，只要停止或降低人为干扰，且具备植物生长的最基本条件（光照、土壤、种源），生态自我修复的现象就能迅速发生；在生态自我修复的初始阶段，乡土植物种类具有明显优势；迅速出现的以乡土乔木为建群种的木本植物群落，提示了城市环境中乡土木本植物的自生现象值得关注和深入研究。

关键词

生态修复；自生植物；荒野景观；城市闲置地；乡土植物

Abstract

^{Natural plants would see a free growth in an idle land after an absence of management, leading to spontaneous biological processes that form the wildscape. Such vegetation demonstrates the characteristics of the ecological self-restoration. This paper studies the spontaneous species found on a site in Beijing Forestry University, inventories and analyzes the species, site conditions, possible maternal plants of them, and discusses the changes and characteristics of the community in its early establishment. The results show that several spontaneous plants sprout early, and cover nearly 1/3 of the site 3 years later. Most of spontaneous plant species are native, more of which are herbaceous, while little difference is found between the number of woody communities and that of herbaceous communities. Their distribution is obviously affected by soil conditions when the light is sufficient. This paper concludes that once the human disturbances are stopped or reduced, ecological self-restoration can occur rapidly with essential conditions for growth (light, soils, and seed sources), even poor as urban environment. At the early stage of ecological self-restoration, native plant species dominate obviously. It is worthy of attention to and further study on the spontaneous native woody communities as they emerge rapidly.}

Keywords

^{Ecological Restoration; Spontaneous Plant; Wildscape; Urban Idle Land; Native Plants}

育野：技术多样性与机器中的“野”

^{Cultivated Wildness: Technodiversity and Wildness in Machines}

^{作者：张子豪，耿百利  ZHANG Zihao, Bradley CANTRELL}

摘要

本文基于景观设计和人工智能的交叉领域探究了“育野”这一理念。当代景观实践应克服针对“荒野”概念可能存在的狭义理解，借鉴环境人文学、科学技术论、生态科学及景观设计学理念，探索用以培育新型野地的景观策略。通过剖析环境工程、计算机科学及景观设计案例，本文构想了利用智能机器营造“野地”的理论框架。该框架将机器视为具有能动性、能够参与合作生产的智能体，而非用来扩大人类对环境影响力的“数字基础设施”。近年来控制论技术发展迅速，传感网络、人工智能和网络物理系统等理念亦可为构建“育野”框架提供支持。该框架的核心是与“生物多样性”同等重要的“技术多样性”，以性能优化、追求效率为目标的技术发展单一愿景拘囿了人们的思想，剥夺了人们与环境相联系的其他可能。因此，育野的关键也在于认识机器的“野”。

关键词

人工智能；野性；景观设计；机器生态；技术多样性

Abstract

^{This paper investigates the idea of cultivated wildness at the intersection of landscape design and artificial intelligence. The paper posits that contemporary landscape practices should overcome the potentially single understanding on wilderness, and instead explore landscape strategies to cultivate new forms of wild places via ideas and concerns in contemporary Environmental Humanities, Science and Technology Studies, Ecological Sciences, and Landscape Architecture. Drawing cases in environmental engineering, computer science, and landscape architecture research, this paper explores a framework to construct wild places with intelligent machines. In this framework, machines are not understood a layer of “digital infrastructure” that is used to extent localized human intelligence and agency. Rather machines are conceptualized as active agents who can participate in the intelligence of co-production. Recent developments in cybernetic technologies such as sensing networks, artificial intelligence, and cyberphysical systems can also contribute to establishing the framework. At the heart of this framework is “technodiversity,” in parallel with biodiversity, since a singular vision on technological development driven by optimization and efficiency reinforces a monocultural approach that eliminates other possible relationships to construct with the environment. Thus, cultivated wildness is also about recognizing “wildness” in machines.}

Keywords

^{Artificial Intelligence; Wildness; Landscape Design; Machine Ecology; Technodiversity}

景观规划视角下的生态系统服务研究动态——第十届生态系统服务伙伴全球会议综述

^{Research Trends of Ecosystem Services From the Perspective of Landscape Planning—Summary on the 10th Ecosystem Services Partnership World Conference}

^{作者：姜芊孜，窦月含，任震  JIANG Qianzi, DOU Yuehan, REN Zhen}

摘要

生态系统服务伙伴全球会议是生态系统服务领域最高水平的学术会议之一，聚焦世界范围内生态系统服务的研究与实践，是掌握研究前沿动态的重要途径。基于部分学者已将生态系统服务评价指标及评价方法等融入景观规划设计的理论与实践之中这一现状，本文筛选出第十届会议中与景观规划相关的分论坛主题，结合各分论坛中的发言进行总结，从多类型景观的生态系统服务研究、生态系统服务在规划与管理中的应用，以及生态系统服务制图与建模三个视角对研究及实践热点进行分析和归纳。总结而言，今后将生态系统服务研究应用于景观规划领域的热点在于：1）探索面向多种景观类型的态系统服务评价；2）探索将生态系统服务融入各类景观规划的理论与实践框架；3）探索适用于景观规划与管理的生态系统服务综合建模与制图工具。

关键词

生态系统服务；景观规划；研究议题；生态系统服务伙伴全球会议；会议综述；基于自然的解决方案；生态基础设施

Abstract

^{The Ecosystem Services Partnership (ESP) Conference is one of the highest-level global academic conferences on ecosystem service (ES) research. Focusing on the research and practice of ES worldwide, ESP Conference offers an important way to grasp the cutting-edge knowledge for scholars and professionals. Currently, ES evaluation indicators and evaluation methods have been integrated into the research and practice of landscape planning and design. This paper sorted out the break-out session themes at the 10th ESP Conference related to landscape planning and summarized the research presented in each session. It analyzed and summarized the research and practice hot spots from 3 perspectives: multiple landscape types, the application of ES in planning and management, and ES mapping and modeling. Finally, the paper offers insights on future interests of the application of ES research into landscape planning, including 1) exploring ES evaluation for multiple landscape types; 2) exploring the theoretical and practical frameworks for integrating ES Science into landscape planning; and 3) exploring integrated ES modeling and mapping tools for landscape planning and management.}

Keywords

^{Ecosystem Services; Landscape Planning; Research Interests; Ecosystem Service Partnership World Conference; Conference Summary; Nature-Based Solutions; Ecological Infrastructure}

城市野境：比“城市荒野”更准确的措辞

^{Urban Wildness—A More Correct Term Than “Urban Wilderness”}

^{作者：万斯•G•马丁，梅拉尼•希尔  Vance G. MARTIN, Melanie HILL}

摘要

“荒野”概念具有多样化的特征与多重价值，蕴含着生物、社会-经济及象征意义。为了厘清这一概念，1992年，该术语被列入了世界自然保护联盟的“自然保护地分类”中。然而，近年来“城市荒野”一词开始流行，使那些重视自然荒野区对地球未来健康与福祉的作用并致力于保护这些区域的人士感到担忧。这种用法还很可能令（现在占全球人口大多数的）城市居民对“真正的”荒野是什么感到困惑。狭义上，城市不可能拥有严格意义上的“荒野”；但荒野的某些元素可以且应该出现在城市内及城市周边地区，从而提高人类健康和生活品质。基于此，“城市野境”或为更恰当的措辞。因此，本文主张以“城市野境”替代“城市荒野”一词，阐述替代原因的同时列举了城市野境的特征和效益；剖析了“城市野境”的成功案例；阐明野生动物（尤其是捕食者）在城市中的角色和面临的挑战；最后，结合案例说明了将城市居民与野性价值和效益联系起来的公众参与和公众教育方法论。

关键词

城市野境；城市荒野；人类与野生动物共存；生物多样性；荒野；城市自然挑战；环境教育；城市中的自然；捕食者–猎物

Abstract

^{The concept of wilderness (荒野) has multiple characteristics and values relating to three principal areas: biological, socio-economic, and iconic. To provide clarity of concept, the term was included in the IUCN’s list of Protected Area Categories in 1992. More recently, a current and fashionable expression “urban wilderness” has emerged. For those who believe in the critical importance of natural wilderness areas to the future health and well-being of our planet, and who work to protect these areas, the term “urban wilderness” causes much consternation. It is very possible that such usages will create confusion in the mind of urban dwellers—now the majority of the global population—as to what “real” wilderness is. By definition, cities cannot be “wilderness” technically. However, elements of wilderness can and should be present in and around urban areas to enhance human health and quality of life. Rather than calling this urban wilderness, however, the term should be “urban wildness (野境).” This paper presents a rationale for using “urban wildness” to replace “urban wilderness,” citing some of the characteristics and benefits of urban wildness; provides case studies of urban areas that are working successfully with the concept; elucidates the role and challenges of wild animals (especially predators) in urban areas; and finally, gives an example of an engagement and educational methodology connecting urban dwellers to wild values and benefits.}

Keywords

^{Urban Wildness; Urban Wilderness; Human Wildlife Co-existence; Biodiversity; Wilderness; City Nature Challenge; Environmental Education; Nature in the City; Predator–Prey}

与荒野共生：城市绿地的发展前景

^{Working With Wilderness: A Promising Direction for Urban Green Spaces}

^{作者：英戈•科瓦里克  Ingo KOWARIK}

摘要

“荒野”（wilderness）是一个根植于人类社会的文化概念。对于当代景观设计师或是景观设计先驱来说，荒野一直以来的重要性既在于其与人工景观元素的鲜明对比可以为自然主义植物设计提供灵感，也在于如今为协调城市、城市居民与自然做出的贡献。人们习惯上将城市和荒野视为对立面，因此有必要采取新方法以便更好地应对与城市语境下荒野相关的机遇和挑战。从生态学的角度来看，城市荒野是未受明显人类干扰的、具有生态系统过程高度自我调节特性的区域。由此可以区分出两种主要的荒野类型：以许多城市中的自然遗迹为代表的“古老荒野”，以及工业城市中诞生的“新生荒野”，在设计和管理绿地时需要对不同类型的场地区别对待。古老荒野一直以来都是保护和修复的对象，以及自然主义种植的灵感来源；相对地，新生荒野长期被视为疏于管理和社会经济衰退的产物。然而，自20世纪80年代起，德国的早期先锋项目开始将城市新生荒野融入绿色基础设施，产生了将荒野与设计相结合的、前所未有的绿色空间，既可以吸引游客，又可以保护生物多样性、支持许多生态系统服务。本文旨在说明将荒野元素、过程与城市绿色基础设施相融合——以便城市适时与自然恢复联系——的机遇和挑战。

关键词

生物多样性；设计干预；自然动力学；自生植被；城市荒野；野性城市

Abstract

^{Wilderness is a cultural construct that is deeply rooted in many societies. For landscape architects and their predecessors, wilderness has long been important as a contrast to artificial garden elements, as an inspiration for naturalistic plant designs, or today as a timely contribution to reconciling cities and their inhabitants with the natural world. Since cities and wilderness have traditionally been seen as opposites, new approaches are necessary to better address the opportunities and challenges associated with wilderness in urban regions. From an ecological perspective, urban wilderness can be defined as an area characterized by a high degree of self-regulation in ecosystem processes where direct human impact is negligible. This allows two main types of wilderness to be distinguished: “ancient wilderness” represented by natural remnants in many cities, and “novel wilderness,” which arises in artificial urban-industrial sites. The two types require different approaches in designing and managing green spaces. Ancient wilderness is a traditional object of conservation and restoration, and offers inspiration for naturalistic plantings. In contrast, the emergence of novel wilderness has long been associated with neglect and socio-economic decline. Since the 1980s, however, early pioneer projects in Germany have started to integrate novel urban wilderness into the green infrastructure. The results are unprecedented green spaces that combine novel wilderness with design interventions. These places are attractive to visitors, contribute to biodiversity conservation, and support many ecosystem services. This article aims to illustrate the opportunities and challenges of integrating wilderness components and processes into the urban green infrastructure—a timely way to reconnect cities with nature.}

Keywords

^{Biodiversity; Design Interventions; Nature Dynamics; Spontaneous Vegetation; Urban Wilderness; Wild Cities}

从瓦砾堆到自然保护区——加拿大多伦多汤米－汤普森公园

^{From Rubble to Refuge—Tommy Thompson Park in Toronto, Canada}

^{作者：沃尔特•科姆，彼得•德尔•特雷迪奇  Walter KEHM, Peter DEL TREDICI}

摘要

加拿大多伦多市的汤米－汤普森公园建于一处大型垃圾填埋场上，由安大略湖湖滨向内延伸5km。自20世纪50年代到70年代末，项目利用建筑瓦砾和港口淤泥实施填湖工程，而后因经济形势变化被迫停工。项目搁置后，来自世界各地的众多植物在这里扎根，数百种候鸟在此筑巢觅食，原本的垃圾填埋场自发演变成为了“自然保护区”。20世纪90年代，多伦多市政府通过精心规划设计与施工，将其改造为一座公园——汤米－汤普森公园。通过提高公众可达性、野生动植物和栖息地的多样性，以及生态功能性，汤米－汤普森公园成为了探究自然演变与设计干预之间动态交互的理想案例，我们可以从中探知这两个看似矛盾的过程如何随时间推移而和谐相融。

关键词

莱斯利街岬角；人类世生态系统；生态设计；广布植物区系；野生动植物保护区；城市荒野

Abstract

^{Tommy Thompson Park in the city of Toronto, Canada was originally a massive landfilling project that extended 5 kilometers out into Lake Ontario. It was constructed from construction rubble and harbor dredge from the 1950s through the late 1970s, when the project was halted due to changing economic conditions. Left to its own devices, the landfill spontaneously evolved into a “nature preserve” when innumerable plants from around the world established themselves and hundreds of migrating bird species descended on the site for nesting and feeding. In the 1990s, the city of Toronto took control of the site and transformed it into a park—Tommy Thompson Park—after a carefully planned design and construction process. The design interventions enhanced public accessibility, wildlife and habitat diversity, and ecological functionality. Tommy Thompson Park is an ideal case study for examining the dynamic interaction between spontaneity and design and for how, over time, these seemingly contradictory processes can come together harmoniously.}

Keywords

^{Leslie Street Spit; Novel Ecosystem; Ecological Design; Cosmopolitan Flora; Wildlife Refuge; Urban Wilderness}

生态种植势在必行：创建功能性的系统，而非程式化的生态

^{Ecological Planting Imperative: Functional Systems, Not Stylized Ecologies}

^{作者：托马斯•雷纳  Thomas RAINER}

摘要

通过创建由植物构成的人工生态系统，景观设计项目得以缓解气候变化的严峻影响。尽管人们普遍认识到了生态学对于景观塑造的重要性，但景观设计专业人士却普遍缺乏构建稳定植物系统的知识和实践技能，因此迫切需要探索种植设计的新方法和新工具。本文概述了城市环境下高生物多样性植物系统的设计原理和方法，着重介绍了可提升物种丰富度、功能多样性和空间复杂性，有助于构造更具韧性的植物景观的设计方法。种植设计中选择那些对胁迫、干扰和竞争表现出相似适应性状的物种，以及构建由多样化植物形态构成的多层次组合，将有助于建构具有兼容性、长期稳定的植物组合。为平衡多种植物组合带来的视觉复杂性，本文结合美国华盛顿特区Phyto设计工作室的案例与研究和实践经验，探讨了提升景观效果的种植设计策略。这些方法总结于作者探讨如何创建人工植物群落的著作——《后荒野世界的种植设计》一书。

关键词

生态种植；种植设计；植物群落；生物多样性；多样植物系统；种植策略体系

Abstract

^{The ability of landscape architectural projects to mitigate the worst effects of climate change will depend upon designed ecological systems. These systems will be built with plants. Despite the recognition of ecology as an essential driver of landscapes, the professionals of landscape architecture too often lack the knowledge and practical skills to create robust vegetative systems. New approaches and tools are required. This article outlines principles and methods for designing biodiverse plant systems for urban sites. Planting methods that increase species richness, functional diversity, and spatial complexity are emphasized as a way of developing more resilient plantings. Selecting species with similar evolutionary adaptions to stress, disturbance, and competition—as well as creating multi-layered compositions of diverse plant morphologies—allows designers to create compatible, long-lived plant mixes. To balance the increased visual complexity of diverse plant mixes, the article explores design techniques to make plantings more appealing to the public. The strategies explored here are based on the projects, experience, and research of Phyto Studio, a Washington, D.C. based studio. The methods build on work described in the author’s book, Planting in a Post-Wild World, an exploration of how to create designed plant communities.}

Keywords

^{Ecological Planting; Planting Design; Plant Community; Biodiversity; Diverse Plant Systems; Planting Strategy Systems}

城市荒野景观营造：以上海乡土生态科普示范基地为例

^{Urban Wilderness Construction: An Example of Shanghai Urban Biodiversity Education Base}

^{作者：郭陶然，山冰沁  GUO Taoran, SHAN Bingqin}

摘要

恢复受损的城市生态系统是城市荒野景观的核心价值之一。通过城市荒野景观的营造，可在城市破碎化生境中恢复该地区原有生物群落的结构和功能，并在低人工干预的情况下，使乡土生物群落稳定地存在与演替。本文介绍了以生物多样性恢复为主要目的的“上海乡土生态科普示范基地”项目，项目探讨和研究了主动型城市再野化过程中应采取的设计原则与技术路径，并围绕这一目标进行了生境类型划分、乡土生物引种、生物群落构建、生态效益评估等一系列工作，以期丰富城市荒野景观营造及城市环境下基于自然的解决方案的技术积累与理论研究。在项目实施的一年半时间内，项目地共记录乡土植物260种、昆虫255种、两栖爬行动物7种、鸟类71种及哺乳动物6种，其生物多样性和动物的种群密度均远高于周边未改造的人工林地，并且植物群落已开始进行自发的正向演替，取得了较为理想的效果。该项目的技术方案在城市郊野公园、野生动物栖息地、生态廊道、科普教育基地等项目中有着广阔的应用前景。

关键词

城市荒野景观；乡土物种；群落演替；城市生物多样性；生态修复；基于自然的解决方案

Abstract

^{One of the core values of urban wilderness construction is to restore the structures and functions of biological communities in fragmented urban habitats, and enable the stability and ecological succession of native communities with low human intervention. The paper discusses the design principles and technical methodologies in active urban rewilding by the example of Shanghai Urban Biodiversity Education Base project. Aiming to restore urban biodiversity and enrich the technical and theoretical research of urban wilderness construction and Nature-based Solutions, this project conducted habitat division, native species introduction, natural community construction, ecological benefit assessment, etc. In a year and a half, 260 native plant species, 255 insect species, 7 amphibian and reptile species, 71 bird species, and 6 mammal species were recorded within the 1.7 hm2 project site, showing higher biodiversity and density of animal populations than unrestored consructed forests surrounding. Along with the spontaneous progressive succession of the plant communities, the project has achieved good results. The technical approaches proposed in the project can be broadly applied in design and construction of country parks, wildlife habitats, ecological corridors / networks, and environmental education bases.}

Keywords

^{Urban Wilderness; Native Species; Community Succession; Urban Biodiversity; Ecosystem Restoration; Nature-based Solutions}

日本大阪城市边缘处的艺术与生态

^{Art and Ecology at the Edge of Osaka, Japan}

^{作者：帕特里克•M•莱登，姜受希  Patrick M. LYDON, Suhee KANG}

摘要

城市自然工作室坐落于日本大阪市郊区的北加贺屋街区（原造船厂所在地），致力于探索生态艺术与传播。工作室与来自不同学科、领域、国家和地区的从业人员及公私营组织合作，开展了多项生态艺术项目，借此重建人、过程、场所与人类赖以生存的生态系统之间的联系。本文呈现了在北加贺屋开展的两个项目研究。在大阪分部项目中，工作室利用从当地回收的物料，对一处拥有80年历史的老旧市场中的典型土木结构排屋进行了改造，改造后的实体生态空间包括一处自然花园和一系列众筹项目，兼具居住和生态艺术功能。另一个项目城市自然节是在当地多个公共或私有空间中举行的一项生态艺术表演活动，旨在通过不同从业人员、公众及城市空间本身之间的艺术对话，探索城市与自然的关系。借由上述项目，工作室期望进一步探寻能够培养设计师、管理者、市政领导、市民，以及城市内外生态系统各群体之间独特而意义非凡关系的方法。通过持续、真诚地与环境对话，人们或许能够发现一种众生平等下的新城市形态。

关键词

生态艺术；跨学科合作；人类再野化；社区参与；日本

Abstract

^{City as Nature is an ecological art and media studio based primarily in Kitakagaya, a former shipbuilding district on the outskirts of Osaka, Japan. Working with local and international practitioners, and public and private organizations across multiple disciplines and sectors, they produce ecological art projects that re-connect people, process, and place with the ecosystems in which we dwell. Two narrative project studies in Kitakagaya are presented here: 1) The Branch Osaka, a physical ecological space built inside a typical wood-and-earth row house in an 80-year-old marketplace—rebuilt by City as Nature, using locally recycled materials, it now serves as a residence and ecological art space, with a natural garden and donation-based programming; 2) City as Nature Festival, an ecological neighborhood “happening,” taking place in multiple local public and privately-owned spaces. The festival explores urban relationships with the nature through art-driven dialogs between practitioners, the general public, and the urban space itself. From these projects, City as Nature hopes to explore approaches to cultivating relationships—individual, meaningful relationships between designers, executives, civic leaders, citizens, and the communities of ecosystems in and around our cities. Through an ongoing, truthful dialog with the environment, people might just discover the possible city, an equitable place for all beings.}

Keywords

^{Ecological Art; Interdisciplinary Collaboration; Human Rewilding; Community Engagement; Japan}

呼唤野性

^{Invoking the Wild}

^{作者：南希•西顿  Nancy SEATON}

摘要

在人类的印象中，荒野植物是随遇而安、坚韧又脆弱的——人类亦如是。城市环境中充斥着的植物，诗意地扎根于工业基础设施遗迹之上——无论是顺着路沿和铁丝网、于路面裂缝之间，还是在空地、碎石堆和公路分隔带中。

未来绿色工作室通过一系列城市漫走、演讲、公民科学的活动对城市自生植物进行调查，并将成果集结为《城市自生植物：纽约城野草》一书，希望借此促使人们与周边的街道、墙壁、土地和树池等环境互动。这项工作也不断为工作室的众多景观设计项目提供种植理念支撑，力图展现出城市荒野强健且富有魅力的一面。在进行种植设计时，工作室会从项目所在地的植物群落（如橡树林和灌木丛）中选择能够耐受目标生境环境的物种；项目地的植物和生态总能为设计师提供源源不断的灵感。野生植物不再被视为破坏城市环境的幽灵；反之，它们是保证人类与其他地球居民健康和福祉的无形资产，展现了城市促进未来生态演进发展的能力。

关键词

城市自生植物；野性；野生植物；可持续性；景观设计；生态学

Abstract

^{Wild places remind us of the adaptability, resilience, and fragility of plants and humans alike. The urban environment is awash in plant life, often taking root in remnants of industrial infrastructure in poetic ways—along roadsides and chain-link fences, between cracks of pavement, and within vacant lots, rubble dumps, and highway medians.} 

^{Future Green Studio’s investigations into spontaneous urban plants have aspired to engage people with their neighborhood environments—streets, walls, lots, and tree pits—through a series of walks, talks, citizen science participation, and the publication of a book, SUP: Weeds in NYC. This work continues to feed planting concepts behind many of the studio’s designed landscapes, which seek to capture the rugged vision of urban wilderness. Species for the studio’s projects are selected for their ability to tolerate the proposed habitats created on sites and are often drawn from local plant communities, such as oak barrens and shrublands; the plants and ecologies of project sites are a frequent source of inspiration. The studio does not see uncultivated plant growth as the specter of disinvestment, but as an asset to the performance, health, and well-being of its inhabitants, human or otherwise, which demonstrates the ability of the city to support the evolving ecologies of the future.}

Keywords

^{Spontaneous Urban Plants; Wildness; Wild Plants; Sustainability; Landscape Design; Ecology}