欲望、社会需求与景观未来——《景观设计学》2020年第6期

主编寄语

景观滋养了人类的身体和心灵，连同人类的欲望—从生存和生理需求，到归属感与认同感的获得，再到自我价值的实现，也都应景观而生。

从脱离树栖、以双脚立于地面的第一天开始，人类便在生存欲望的驱使下，游猎于草原与森林的边缘，垂涎着成群的食草动物，并时刻警惕着潜伏在高草中的猛兽；学习判别地形和地貌、原野上的石头与草木走兽的益害；学习运用感官寻觅伴侣，并寻找安全的栖居地，以满足繁衍的欲望。进化人类学和进化美学认为，正是生存和繁衍这两大基本欲望，培育了人类对于景观的感知和审美^[1]：与人类的生存欲望相关的景观结构和元素，成为唤起崇高的刺激；与人类繁衍欲望相关的景观，成为唤起优美的风景^[2]。这当然是高度简化的景观特征与人类情感的关系模式，而景观也因此被赋予了意义：荒原上的一棵孤树如同大海中的一个岛屿，便是生的希望；崖壁上的平地和山间的洞穴，承载着人类个体和群体的延续。

人类的欲望也造就了大地上的文化景观。历史的景观是过往人类的欲望在大地上的烙印，现实的景观便是当今人类的欲望在大地上的耕耘。绵延的牧场、农田及连片果园，都是人类欲望的展现，烟囱林立的工业区和不断蔓延的城市更是人类欲望膨胀的写照；无论是横亘于山脊大漠之上的长城，还是穿凿于黄河长江之间的大运河，都是人类对自然征服欲的具现；无论是凡尔赛宫园林还是颐和园，都是法国王室和中国皇家统治欲望的展现；无论是古罗马的凯旋门，还是第三帝国的胜利林荫道，抑或是今天泛滥于中国城市的恢弘广场和超大尺度的景观大道，无不是城市决策者权利欲望的流露与宣示。

欲望是无止境的，因而人类对景观的营造或改变存在着无节制的风险，甚至会带来破坏。从人类进化和发展的历史来看，人类并没有约束自我欲望的基因，却在追求欲望满足的过程中不断暴露出攫取、扩张的贪婪本性—拥有财富和权力的权贵们的宫殿和园林无限制扩大，以便收储不断膨胀和更新的欲望。技术进步和工业化大生产在满足资本家的财富野心的同时，也让更多的人在欲望的驱使下，试图更高效地攫取自然资源：农田、工厂和城市因此不断蔓延，农药、化肥因此被无节制地使用。这一切都致使人类唯一的家园面临巨大危机：气候变化、洪涝频发、海平面上升，大地景观正在经历剧变，人类或将自身埋葬在欲望的深渊之中。如圣雄甘地所言：“地球上提供给我们的物质财富足以满足每个人的需求，但不足以满足每个人的贪欲。”^[3]

幸好，欲望是可以和自然和谐共生的。当最基本的生理和安全需求得到保障以后，人类可以通过合理利用自然景观的服务，而不是一味消耗自然资产，来满足其他更高层次的需求。为了满足对认同和归属感的欲望，人们可以开采大量的石材，用尽人力物力，来建造高耸入云的纪念碑和宏大的庙宇，也可以在村口种植一片风水林，立一根木柱，如同早年汉族先民在跨越千山万水，从战乱的中原大地来到南方山林中，在陌生的土地上寻求安身立命之所时所做的那样。而当他们在旷野上播下一粒种子、栽下一棵树苗时，他们便在自然中留下了印记，这些生命不仅将成为他们与这方土地连结的象征，也将塑造其生于斯、长于斯的后代们的归属与认同。为了实现自我价值，人们可以像愚公移山那样叩石垦壤，也可以在崖壁上用矿物颜料描绘秀美山川、奔腾的野马和舞动的恋人—这便是艺术。对景观的艺术性想象和再现，包括景观的设计和创作，都可以最大限度地满足人类的欲望：缥缈的海上仙山和高峻的昆仑仙境，都是人们对死亡的恐惧和对长生不老渴望的表达；陶渊明所描绘的武陵秘境是对安宁与和谐社会的期盼的流露；《溪山行旅图》和网师园则承载了人们对远离尘世、遁迹山水之间的自由生活的向往。

正因为如此，人类高层次的欲望可以在不破坏自然的前提下得到最大满足，而这正是现代生态科学意义上的生态系统服务，即景观设计学中所称的“景观服务”。

^{Landscape nourishes not only human’s body and mind, but also human desires, from survival and physiological needs, to the sense of belonging and identity, and the self-actualization, all of which arise from landscapes.}

^{From the first day of standing on the ground with both feet—instead of arboreal inhabitation—human beings, driven by the desire for survival, hunted herbivores around the edge of grasslands and forests while protecting themselves from beasts hidden in the tall grass; they also learned to make best use of natural environment, knowing the uses and dangers of terrains and landforms, the rocks in the wilderness, and plants and wild animals, and to use body senses to find companions and safe places for inhabitation and reproduction. Evolutionary Anthropology and Evolutionary Aesthetics hold that human’s inherent desires for survival and reproduction shape our perception and aesthetics of landscapes[1]: The landscape structures and elements related to survival are the stimuli to sublimity, while those related to reproduction provoke the desire for beauty[2]. This is of course an extremely simplified interpretation on the relationship between landscapes and human emotions, where the landscape is meaningful: a lone tree on the barren, as “an island in the sea,” means the hope of life, and the flat ground on cliffs and the caves in the mountains symbolize the birth and reproduction of human beings.}

^{Human desires also influence the formation of cultural landscapes on the earth. The historical landscape is the imprints of human desires on the land, and the existing landscape traces the cultivation of human desires nowadays. The continuous pastures, farmlands, and orchards all manifest human desires; industrial areas and urban sprawls all mirror the human’s desire for material abundance; the Great Wall lying on the borders of ancient China and the Grand Canal contacting with the Yellow River and the Yangtze River illustrate human desire to control the nature; the Versailles Park and the Summer Palace display the desire for ruling of the French and Chinese royal families; the Triumphal Arches in ancient Rome, the Victory Avenue of the Third Reich (Siegesallee des III Reiches), or the enormous squares or the large-scale landscape avenues often found in today’s Chinese cities all accent the overweening desires of urban decision-makers.}

^{Desire is endless. Therefore, human’s unrestrained creation or alteration might cause irreversible damages on natural landscapes. The history of human evolution and development tells us that inherently human beings do not constrain their desires; rather, human beings’ greed keeps increasing in the process of satisfying desires. The wealthy and the powerful expand their palaces and gardens unlimitedly for new desires. Technological advance and large-scale industrial production not only satisfy capitalists’ growing desires for wealth, but also accelerate the exploitation on natural resources, resulting in continuous sprawls of farmlands, factories, and cities, and the reckless use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers. All of these have caused the earth, the only homeland of mankind, to face severe crises such as climate change, frequent floods, rising sea levels, etc., and the landscape is undergoing dramatic changes—human beings may bury ourselves in the abyss of desire. As what Mahatma Gandhi once warned, “There is enough on earth for everybody’s need, but not for everyone’s greed.”[3]}

^{Fortunately, human desires can harmonize with nature. When the primary physiological and safety needs are met, humans can wisely utilize the services of natural landscapes—instead of immoderately consuming natural resources—to satisfy our higher-level needs. For the identity and the sense of belonging, humans build towering monuments and grand temples by extensively mining stones, which exhaust manpower and materials. Alternatively and wisely, this desire can be realized by simply planting a Fengshui forest, or erecting a wooden pillar at the gateway of the village where we live, just like what the early Han ancestors did when they fled from the war-torn Central Plains to the hilly and forested southern region. The seed they sowed, or the sapling they planted have linked them with the new land and the nature, and further become symbols of homeland to their descendants. For the self-actualization, one can move away hills by removing or flattening rocks and cliffs, or regard them as prototypes for art creation by depicting beautiful natural sceneries, galloping wild horses, and dancing lovers on with mineral pigments—this is art. The art of imagination and reproduction of landscapes, including the landscape design and landscape creation, can satisfy human desires in the greatest sense. In Chinese culture, such creations include the fairy tales of the misty Mount Penglai in the sea and the majestic Kunlun wonderland in the mountain, both expressing the fear for death and the desire for immortality; the Land of Peach Blossoms described by Tao Yuanming, representing an ideal society of harmony, tranquility, and peace; and the painting Travelers among Mountains and Streams, as well as the Master of the Nets Garden exactly illustrating the expectation of free life in nature away from the mortal world.}

^{In this sense, human’s high-level desires can help achieve the greatest satisfaction without destroying nature. This is precisely the ecosystem services in modern Ecology Sciences, or the landscape services in Landscape Architecture.}

^REFERENCES

^{[1]  Dutton, D. (2003). Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology. In J. Levinson (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.}

^{[2]  Burke, E. (1757). A philosophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful. Retrieved from https://www.bartleby.com/24/2/}

^{[3]  Sachs, J. D. (2011, March 2). The Earth provides enough to meet everyone’s needs. The National. Retrieved from https://www.thenationalnews.com/opinion/comment/the-earth-provides-enough-to-meet-everyone-s-needs-1.426562}

主编寄语

欲望与景观（俞孔坚）

论文

空间的欲望结构——精神分析制图理论叙事引介（言语，张晓萌，彭智凯，徐磊青）

中国城市老旧社区非正式绿地改造及其公众感知研究（魏方，王宇卓，陈鲁，刘育君）

新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情下居住区绿地对居民心理健康影响的实证研究（王志鹏，王薇）

策划排斥与特权：作为新自由主义工具的历史、遗产和自然（苏珊·尼格拉·施奈德，乔治·E·托马斯）

观点与评论

设计的“为”与“不为”——围绕幼儿游戏空间设计的思考（陈昭）

城市绿色基础设施韧性设计范式转型探索（栾博，丁戎，王鑫，祝明建）

主题实践

应对人口流失的景观设计改进方法：以美国宾夕法尼亚州约翰斯敦的城市更新为例（盖伦·纽曼，李润贞，屈安怡，浦晨霞）

城市中的精神需求——东京孤独树洞计划（蔡淦东，蔡明洁）

探索与过程

深远未来：2200，爱尔兰与北爱尔兰边境的设计幻想（陈翔融，埃斯特罗·瑞格尼特）

合作更迭：冲绳军事基地重整策略（黄晓昕）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——欲望、社会需求与景观未来

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers · Human Desires, Social Demands, and Landscape Future

【作者】言语（YAN Yu），张晓萌（ZHANG Xiaomeng），彭智凯（PENG Zhikai）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】178页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2020年12月

【定价】58.00元

空间的欲望结构——精神分析制图理论叙事引介

The Graph of Desire of Space—A Narrative Introduction to Psychoanalytic Cartographies

作者：言语，言语，张晓萌，彭智凯，徐磊青  YAN Yu, ZHANG Xiaomeng, PENG Zhikai, XU Leiqing

摘要

与主体性有关的欲望分析是精神分析学科的专业所在，而精神分析理论也得到设计批评理论界的频繁援引，却很少有专门引介的著作。通过梳理精神分析与其后发展出的精神分裂分析之图形工具历史，与设计理论的发展进行的互文性对应，指出其哲学渊源和精神分析制图对新理论形成的助益：精神分析、精神分裂分析与设计批评的学科交叉经历了4个阶段（也是其4个基本应用分类），分别是：文艺批评的隐喻元素阶段、存在论的讨论工具阶段、系统生态的系谱学叙事工具阶段，以及跨学科联结的平台阶段。精神分析制图所经历的二元到多元、从“镜像”的再现到“话语基础平台”的过程暗合了学科批评范式的发展史。这其实是20世纪下半叶哲学理论发展的一个缩影，作为其中一部分的设计理论也受到了影响—以欲望结构分析城市与建筑理论，作为“文本的文本分析”。最后，本文指出精神分析制图、精神分裂分析制图在推动设计学科理论上的可能方向。

关键词：设计批评；艺术批评；话语分析；精神分析制图；精神分裂分析制图；欲望；叙事；元模型

^Abstract

^{The analysis of desire related to subjectivity is one of the subjects of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis theory is frequently cited by the theorists of design criticism, but there are few works introducing the cartographic tools used in psychoanalysis and the later developed schizoanalysis. This paper makes an intertextual correspondence between the developments of design theory and psychoanalytic cartographies, and proposes its philosophically diagnostic essence and the theoretical promotion from psychoanalysis. It is concluded that the interdisciplinary influence between psychoanalysis or schizoanalysis and design criticism has witnessed over 4 stages—which are also the primary application categories of psychoanalysis and schizoanalysis—including: 1) metaphors in literary criticisms; 2) analytical tools in ontology; 3) genealogical narrative tools in ecology of systems; and 4) synthesis operators for interdisciplinary research. The process from dualism to pluralism and the process from metaphorical representation of mirror to interdisciplinary synthesis operator experienced by psychoanalytic cartographies are consistent with the history of professional discourse and criticism paradigm development, and in fact are an epitome of philosophical theory in the second half of the 20th century. The design theory is also a part of the shift, so the graph of desire could be a way to represent the very discourse of critical history and relevant text. Lastly, possible applications of psychoanalytical and schizoanalytic cartographies in the design theory discourse are proposed.}

^{Keywords：Design Criticism; Art Criticism; Discourse Analysis; Psychoanalytic Cartographies; Schizoanalytic Cartographies; Desire; Narrative; Meta-Model}

中国城市老旧社区非正式绿地改造及其公众感知研究

Renovation of Informal Green Spaces in Old Urban Residential Communities in Chinese Cities and Related Public Perception Investigation

作者：魏方，王宇卓，陈鲁，刘育君  WEI Fang, WANG Yuzhuo, CHEN Lu, LIU Yujun

摘要

当前，低密度的大型城市绿地难以满足城市居民尤其是老旧社区居民的便捷需求和共享需求，而触手可及的非正式绿地（IGS）作为一种新型城市绿色基础设施，有助于城市实现共建、共治、共享的美好愿景。本研究选取了包含北京地区典型老旧社区的北太平庄街道，以场地实景与虚拟改造场景相结合的方式，分析了居民对IGS的看法、评价及治理意愿，以及影响居民改造偏好、活动偏好及积极-消极感知的多种景观要素。结果发现，大部分居民对所在社区中的IGS的使用现状及其优缺点有所了解，且对IGS在社区中的改造有较强的共治意愿；居民对改造后IGS的偏好与场景空间变量显著相关—植物物种丰富度高、树冠覆盖率大、游憩型设施完善的绿地更受居民青睐。因此，合理控制植物种类、绿地率，恰当选择建植方式、设施类型将有效提升居民的积极感知。最后，本文提出了在该研究基础上展开后续相关研究的可能方向，以期为城市公众生活环境的优化提供更具针对性的建设依据。

关键词：非正式绿地；老旧社区改造；新型绿色基础设施；景观感知；社区治理；活动偏好

^Abstract

^{Existing large-scale urban green spaces in a low distribution density can hardly meet citizens’ diverse and growing needs for convenient access and sharing modes, especially to those living in old communities. Compared with formal green spaces, informal green space (IGS) is a new urban green infrastructure contributing to the city’s co-construction, co-governance, and co-sharing. This study was conducted based on a typical old residential community in the historic city center of Beijing, namely Beitaipingzhuang Neighborhood, acquired residents’ opinions, evaluation, and willing to participate in IGS governance, and investigated their preference of IGS renovation, activity, and the positive / negative perception of IGS scenarios through virtual renovation proposals upon the real scenes. According to the survey result, most residents have been aware of the existing IGS in communities as well as the advantages and disadvantages, and shown their support to IGS co-governance; residents’ preference of IGS renovation scenarios is significantly affected by environmental factors—residents prefer the green spaces with a higher plant richness, a larger crown size, and a more complete leisure facility system. Therefore, residents’ positive perception can be enhanced through enriching plant species, adjusting green space ratio, and introducing proper planting patterns and facility types. Finally, the authors put forward several research interests for following up so as to provide targeted guidelines for the optimization of urban living environment.}

^{Keywords：Informal Green Space; Old Residential Community Renewal; New Green Infrastructure; Landscape Perception; Community Governance; Activity Preference}

新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情下居住区绿地对居民心理健康影响的实证研究

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Green Spaces in Residential Areas on the Mental Health of Residents under COVID-19

作者：王志鹏，王薇  WANG Zhipeng, WANG Wei

摘要

居住区绿地作为城市居民接触频率较高的城市绿地类型之一，对居民的心理健康具有积极作用。为了解居住区绿地在2020年新冠肺炎（COVID-19）疫情期间对居民心理健康的影响，本研究于2020年3月以中国安徽省合肥市政务文化新区内15个居住区的556名住户为样本，通过网络问卷调查获取住户社会人口特征信息，采用凯斯勒心理困扰量表（K10量表）评估居民心理健康状况，使用GIMP网格法量化并计算住户窗外的居住区绿地绿视率，并运用多元线性回归模型分析居住区绿地与居民心理健康的关系。研究结果显示，居住区的绿化覆盖率、绿地景色满意度、窗外居住区绿地绿视率，以及每日观看绿地时长对居民心理健康状况具有正向影响效应。研究揭示了疫情背景下居住区绿地促进人群心理健康的效益，可为未来景观设计行业的城市绿地建设提供理论依据。

关键词：新冠肺炎；居住区绿地；绿地福祉；心理健康；绿视率；绿化覆盖率；绿地满意度；绿视时长；K10量表

^Abstract

^{As one of the frequently used green spaces of urban residents, residential green spaces have a positive effect on people’s mental health status. In order to understand the impact of residential green spaces on citizens’ mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic, this study collected the sociodemographic data of 556 residents from 15 residential communities in Hefei New Municipal and Culture District, Anhui Province, China in March, 2020 through online questionnaires, then adopted the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10 Scale) to evaluate the residents’ mental health status, and used GIMP Grid to quantify the green view index of residential green spaces outside the windows. Besides, a multiple linear regression model was used to explore the correlations between residential green spaces and residents’ mental health status. The findings show that green coverage ratio, satisfaction of the landscapes of green space, green view index outside the window, and green viewing duration of the residential green spaces have positive effects on residents’ mental health status. The study verifies the benefits of residential green spaces to promoting resident’s mental health status under COVID-19, providing a scientific guidance for the future practice of urban construction.}

^{Keywords：COVID-19; Residential Green Spaces; Green Spaces Welfare; Mental Health; Green View Index; Green Coverage Ratio; Green Space Satisfaction; Green Viewing Duration; K10 Scale}

策划排斥与特权：作为新自由主义工具的历史、遗产和自然

Curating Exclusion and Privilege: History, Heritage, and Nature as Neoliberal Tools

作者：苏珊·尼格拉·施奈德，乔治·E·托马斯  Susan Nigra SNYDER, George E. THOMAS

摘要

20世纪初，分区制土地管理、限制性契约、房契约束，以及由美国联邦政府资助的、用于指导银行贷款的房地产地图数据等都不同程度地固化了种族隔离的空间格局，割裂了白人与黑裔、亚裔及其他非盎格鲁裔种族，房产所有者与租户，以及独栋住宅与多户住宅。尽管这些体系公然呈现的种族偏见不为当今社会所容，但它们隐含的意图却被掩盖了更深层次歧视的新兴工具所加强。本文批判性地探究了历史遗产保护、开放空间的地役权与耕地保护实践之间的关系，以揭示这些制度是如何在美国土地利用实践中支持种族和社会歧视的。现有文献资料认为，这些实践所保护的历史、自然与农业对文化、环境和公众具有积极影响。但针对其潜在动因的探究亦揭示了上述目标是如何通过限制性手段实现的，这些手段利用开发管制及某些歧视性社会准则的建立与维护，强化了对特定群体的排斥或特权保护。基于文献分析，本文以美国南卡罗来纳州查尔斯顿市和宾夕法尼亚州费城为例，查证了历史遗产保护作为种族排斥手段的起源，以及历史街区是如何演化成士绅化白人社区的。另外，研究从耕地保护和开放空间地役权两个层面，分别选取位于纽约大都会区的两个研究案例—新泽西州米德尔塞克斯县克兰伯里镇和纽约州韦斯切斯特县贝德福德镇—来探究历史遗产保护如何限制平价住房开发，揭露了排斥与特权飞地产生的过程。本文进一步论证了这些手段如何将历史与景观商业化，使其作为可交易的实体，推动当今财富至上的新自由主义环境的构建。

关键词: 种族排斥；历史遗产保护；耕地保护；财产地役权；新自由主义；社会公平

^Abstract

^{In the early 20th century, zoning, restrictive covenants, deed restrictions, and federally-sponsored real estate maps that directed bank loans operated at multiple levels to perpetuate spatial patterns that separated whites from Blacks, Asians, and other non-Anglo ethnics; homeowners from renters; and single-family dwellings from multi-family units. The obvious overtly racial biases of those systems are socially unacceptable today but their underlying purposes have since been augmented by new tools that mask further discrimination. This article presents a critical examination of the relationship between historic preservation, open space easements, and farmland preservation practices to reveal how these regulations support racial and social discrimination in American land-use practices. Existing literature presumes that history, nature, and farming, preserved by these practices are cultural, environmental, and public positives. An examination of the underlying forces shows how these goals are achieved by restrictive instruments that create exclusion and protect privilege by controlling development and establishing and maintaining social norms that exclude certain groups while welcoming others. Using documentary evidence, this paper establishes historic preservation’s origins as an instrument of racial and ethnic exclusion in Charleston, South Carolina and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania of the United States, and the subsequent evolution of historic districts into gentrified, white neighborhoods. Two case studies in the New York metropolitan area, chosen for their use of historic preservation with farmland preservation (Cranbury Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey), and historic preservation with open space easements (Town of Bedford, Westchester County, New York) as resistance to affordable residential development, demonstrate how enclaves of exclusion and privilege were created. This article further establishes how these tools commodify history and landscapes into transactional entities that attain value in today’s neoliberal wealth-focused environment.}

^{Keywords：Exclusion; Historic Preservation; Farmland Preservation; Property Easements; Neoliberalism; Social Justice}

设计的“为”与“不为”——围绕幼儿游戏空间设计的思考

Design to Not Design—Thoughts on The Design of Playing Spaces for Young Children

作者：陈昭  CHEN Zhao

摘要

设计师与使用者之间的博弈是典型的设计内在张力，如何平衡这一矛盾是所有设计共通的课题。因作为实际使用者的儿童长期处于被代言的状态，儿童设计中内在张力的平衡问题则更为复杂。这要求设计师在平衡自身表现欲与社会需求的同时，还需要反思儿童需求被代言背后的集体无意识。本文有意选取与学习“相对立”的“游戏”入手，以幼儿游戏空间设计为切入点，借鉴发展心理学和人类学的相关研究，讨论设计中内在张力的平衡问题。本文试图通过探讨儿童“为何游戏”和“如何游戏”这两个基本议题，揭示幼儿心理发展中游戏的作用及此阶段游戏的机制，提出设计“无为”的重要性。最后以“育先于教”为设计理念的日本COBY育儿园设计做延伸讨论，为儿童游戏空间的设计提供参考。

关键词：设计内在张力；幼儿心理；游戏；人格发展；人类学；松散材料

^Abstract

^{To all kinds of design, the negotiation between the expression of designers’ idea and the representation of users’ desire is a typical internal tension of design. Particularly, the balancing of the internal tension of the design for children requires sophisticated solutions, because the needs of the actual users are often (mis-)represented by the desire of their parents. Therefore, in addition to satisfying social needs, the designers should also recognize the collective unconsciousness of adults who express on behalf of children. Taking the studies in Developmental Psychology and Anthropology as reference, this article focuses on playing, instead of knowledge acquisition, and discusses the balancing of the internal tension of the design of playing spaces for children, especially for the preschoolers. This article aims at revealing the role of games to children’s psychological and intelligence growth, as well as their game playing mechanism, by answering two questions: why do children play games and how do they play? By illustrating a case study on the playground design of the COBY Preschool in Japan, the proposed concept of “design to not design” is expected to inspire the design of children’s playing spaces.}

^{Keywords：Internal Tension of Design; Psychology of Children; Game; Personality Development; Anthropology; Loose Parts}

城市绿色基础设施韧性设计范式转型探索

Exploration of Resilient Design Paradigm of Urban Green Infrastructure

作者：栾博，丁戎，王鑫，祝明建  LUAN Bo, DING Rong, WANG Xin, ZHU Mingjian

摘要

城市绿色基础设施是支撑基于自然的韧性城市的重要结构，目前普遍采用的以确定性控制为导向的传统设计范式不利于促进城市韧性，绿色基础设施设计范式亟待转型。本文基于文献研究，围绕韧性设计范式展开探讨。首先，提出城市绿色基础设施的韧性作用框架，为设计范式转型提供基础共识；其次，归纳韧性驱动机制，为构建韧性设计范式提供关键依据；最后，基于适应性途径建立韧性设计范式，提出全过程动态循环模型，为城市绿色基础设施动态优化配置提供方法支撑。本文所提出的韧性设计范式的建立涉及思维观念、设计流程、项目管理、工程质量验收等方面，更需要设计师、工程师、研究者、决策者及公众的多方努力。本文可为高绩效城市绿色基础设施建设提供指导，对推动韧性城市理论发展和景观设计韧性范式转型具有借鉴价值。

关键词：绿色基础设施；城市韧性；韧性设计；适应性设计；不确定性；基于自然的解决方案；动态优化

^Abstract

^{Urban green infrastructure is a fundamental physical structure that supports the construction of resilient cities based on nature. Currently, the conventional design paradigm oriented by deterministic control is not conducive to promoting urban resilience, and the design paradigm of green infrastructure is in urgent need of transformation. Based on literature review, this article discusses the establishment of resilient design paradigm: first, it proposes the common ground of the resilient design paradigm by establishing a framework for the resilience mechanism of urban green infrastructure; then it summarizes the resilience driving mechanism to provide the key basis for the resilience design paradigm; and finally, this article devises the resilient design paradigm based on adaptive approaches and proposes the whole-process dynamic cyclic model to guide the configuration optimization of urban green infrastructure. The establishment of the design paradigm relies on the shift in mindset, concept, design procedure, project management, quality inspection, etc., which requires the joint efforts by designers, engineers, researchers, decision makers, and the public. This article is expected to provide references not only to the construction of green infrastructure to support the high-performance of urban resilience, but also to the theory development of resilient city and the resilient design paradigm of landscape design.}

^{Keywords：Green Infrastructure; Urban Resilience; Resilient Design; Adaptive Design; Uncertainty; Nature-Based Solution; Dynamic Optimization}

应对人口流失的景观设计改进方法：以美国宾夕法尼亚州约翰斯敦的城市更新为例

Design for the Depopulating Landscape: A Retrofit Approach to Urban Regeneration in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, USA

作者：盖伦·纽曼，李润贞，屈安怡，浦晨霞  Galen NEWMAN, Ryun Jung LEE, QU Anyi, PU Chenxia

摘要

在过去50年里，世界范围内有370座大城市的人口缩减了至少10%。宾夕法尼亚州约翰斯敦的收缩速度位居全美第三，人口减少使这座深受去工业化影响的城市面临严重衰退，社会乱象频发，居民生活质量下降。本项目提出了一个针对收缩型城市的城市设计框架，即将永久性功能布局于高开发潜力区域，临时性功能则安排在衰退区域，待未来城市恢复活力后，开发活动也将随之兴起。项目通过利用地理信息系统建立的加权叠加模型评估约翰斯敦不同区域的衰退威胁等级，从中选出4个场地为其分别制定策略，为空置／废弃物业赋予新功能以回应居民的期望和需求，从而形成为各场地量身定制的总体规划。相较于投入高、见效快的开发激励措施，这种规划方法更注重培育经济基础的多样性，以期为城市创造新的长期经济增长点，并引发生活方式变革，同时也为推动收缩型城市的社会公平与公正提供了一种路径，丰富了城市更新规划中社会维度的内容。

关键词：城市衰退；城市人口流失；城市更新；适宜性建模；城市收缩

^Abstract

^{Over the last 50 years, 370 large cities worldwide have severely depopulated, or shrunk, by at least 10%. Johnstown, Pennsylvania, is the third fastest U.S. shrinking city. Primarily a victim of deindustrialization, Johnstown faces severe decline issues related to depopulation, including social disorder and lowered quality of life. This project develops a framework for urban design for shrinking cities, integrating permanent functions into high development potential areas but temporary functions into declining areas. This approach allows for future development to occur through time as the city recovers. Using a GIS-based weighted overlay model to assess the threat level of decline, 4 sites were identified and strategies for each were developed. Master plans to retrofit new functions integrating residents' desire and demands into vacant / abandoned properties were then generated for each site. Rather than chasing hefty attempted quick-hitting developmental incentives, this approach will bring new long-term economic engines and lifestyles to the city due to a diversity in the economic base; it also pays attention to the social dimension of urban regeneration by providing a structured way to promoting social justice and equity in shrinking cities.}

^{Keywords：Urban Decline; Urban Depopulation; Urban Regeneration; Suitability Modeling; Urban Shrinkage}

城市中的精神需求——东京孤独树洞计划

Urban Mental Desire—Tokyo Loneliness Tree Hole Plan

作者：蔡淦东，蔡明洁  CAI Gandong, CAI Mingjie

摘要

当下城市环境建设中对公共健康的关注多集中于生理健康，对精神健康则缺乏系统性与针对性的关注。本文提出从城市公共空间系统入手，透过特定受众群体的选取以及对他们在城市中的精神需求分析，探索以空间设计促进城市精神健康的新可能。“东京孤独树洞计划”以健康本源论为理论基础，提出重新思考并塑造对孤独的积极认知，以此确立应对城市孤独的设计方针。概念方案运用基于情景的研究方法，以“都市树洞”作为一种系统性设计策略，构建“精神基础设施”网络，为城市孤独者提供与自我、与空间、与孤独共处的机会。作为城市新型公共空间，“都市树洞”同时具备公共性与私密性，以东方设计美学创造自然景观与人之间关于孤独的共情，实现对城市群体孤独感的缓解和精神需求的回应。项目通过“私人公共空间”的概念探讨将“一人公园”作为一种未来景观形式的可行性，有望满足后疫情时代公众对公共空间使用的新需求。

关键词：城市公共空间；健康本源论；精神健康；精神基础设施；空间设计；城市孤独；都市树洞

^Abstract

^{While the current urban public space pays more attention to the physical construction for the promotion of public health, systematic and specific studies on mental health is insufficient. Through the selection of a specified group of users and the analysis of their mental desire, this article explores the possibility of promoting urban mental health by spatial design. The "Tokyo Loneliness Tree Hole Plan" project suggests reconsidering and reshaping the positive perception of loneliness based on the Salutogenesis Theory and proposes a design guideline for tackling urban loneliness. The project utilizes a scenario-based research method to conceive a systematic strategy for establishing an urban "spiritual infrastructure," which offers the lonely individuals a chance to get along with themselves, the space, and the feeling of loneliness. As the new typology of urban public space with publicity and privacy simultaneously, "Urban Tree Holes" create empathy about solitariness between natural landscape elements and humans in oriental design aesthetics, in order to mitigate the urban loneliness and respond to the mental desire. "One Person Park" as an alternative form of future landscape investigating the concept of "private-public space," which might fulfill the new desire of using public space in a post-pandemic era.}

^{Keywords：Urban Public Space; Salutogenesis Theory; Mental Health; Spiritual Infrastructure; Spatial Design; Urban Loneliness; Urban Tree Hole}

深远未来：2200，爱尔兰与北爱尔兰边境的设计幻想

Deep Futures: Fantastical Borderlands of Ireland and Northern Ireland, 2200

作者：陈翔融，埃斯特罗·瑞格尼特  Joan CHEN, Estello RAGANIT

摘要

全球气候变化的长期影响将突破现有的政治边界和分歧。在此背景下，“边境幻想”将爱尔兰西北部（指爱尔兰和北爱尔兰之间的北部边境地区）的未来想象成一片再野化的、缓慢的疆域景观，它的出现有赖于该地区放牧量的显著减少，以及预期会淹没福伊尔湖和斯威利湖之间低洼地带的洪水。本文探讨了如何在保持地域景观所具备的深厚的文化敏感性的同时，通过管控和利用洪水风险来推动大规模的再野化项目。“边境幻想”以英国脱欧为边境景观变化的契机，将“逆向时间胶囊”作为叙事线索，通过展览与表演的形式，自2200年倒叙了一系列的场景切片来描绘和反思此前两个世纪所采取的行动，进而将项目从传统视角下的近期规划的约束中解放出来，关注在较长时间框束下才会显现的景观影响。笔者试图借助这一景观叙事来探索：在阐述当下现实和描绘深远未来方面，叙事与虚构可以发挥怎样的作用？

关键词：景观叙事；再野化；边境；气候变化；深时

^Abstract

^{The long-term effects of climate change will supersede the implications of political demarcations and divisions. Within this context, “Fantastical Borderlands” proposes a rewilded territory, a landscape of slowness, for the Irish Northwest that encapsulates the northern borderlands between Ireland and Northern Ireland. This landscape emerges as a result of the significant reduction of grazing and the anticipated flooding of low-lying lands between Lough Foyle and Lough Swilly. The narrative process considers how flood risk might be managed in conjunction with the initiation of an ambitious rewilding scheme, while remaining sensitive to landscapes of deep cultural connection. By the “reverse time capsule” with performance and exhibition, “Fantastical Borderlands” is narrated from 2200 via a series of vignettes that reflect actions taken during the two centuries prior; the years surrounding Brexit serve as a catalyst for landscape change for the border landscape. The project is liberated from its constraints to near-term planning propositions, instead enabling a focus on landscape impacts that are revealed only at extended timeframes. Ultimately, the project asks: What is the role of storytelling and mythmaking in illuminating current realities and distant futures?}

^{Keywords：Landscape Narrative; Rewilding; Borders; Climate Change; Deep Time}

合作更迭：冲绳军事基地重整策略

Cooperative Succession: Strategic Military Base Realignment in Okinawa

作者：黄晓昕  Monique Hiu Yan WONG

摘要

自冲绳岛战役和二战结束以来，作为日本五大岛屿之一的冲绳本岛一直是美国武装部队的战略要地。驻日美军基地中约有70％位于冲绳本岛，占据整个岛屿面积的五分之一，并使其暴露于各种社会–生态的威胁之中。这种高度军事化带来的社会–生态影响遍布整个岛屿，并未受限于军事基地边界，污染和破坏了当地居民和野生动植物赖以生存的生态系统。鉴于目前关于冲绳本岛军事基地重整问题依然争论不休，本研究提出以景观为媒介的替代重整策略来应对上述挑战，并针对即将到来的2022年（冲绳回归日本50周年）概述了4项策略，以期在自然、冲绳原住民和美军基地之间建立起生态共生关系，并加强军事化岛屿景观的自持续性。

关键词：冲绳本岛；意愿；土著社区；军事基地重整；景观策略

^Abstract

^{Since the Battle of Okinawa and the end of World War II, Okinawa Island, one of the five main islands of Japan, has been a critical strategic location for the United States Armed Forces. Approximately 70% of the U.S. military bases in Japan are located on Okinawa Island. The bases cover one-fifth of the total Island area and expose Okinawa to various social–ecological vulnerabilities. Being unconstrained by the military base border, the social-ecological impacts of this highly militarized reality could be observed across the Island, and contaminates and disturbs ecological systems crucial for local residents and wildlife. Within the context of the ongoing debate over the military realignment on Okinawa Island, this study responds to the aforementioned challenges by proposing a landscape-based alternative realignment strategy. In particular, with the upcoming 50th anniversary of Okinawa’s reversion to Japan in 2022, this work outlines four strategies for establishing an ecological symbiosis between nature, the indigenous Okinawan, and the U.S. military bases, and strengthening self-sustainability on a militarized island landscape.}

^{Keywords：Okinawa Island; Will; Indigenous Community; Military Base Realignment; Landscape Strategies}