景观设计学2020年第5期《城市治理与空间品质提升》

俞孔坚·论美丽城市的“三重奏”——《景观设计学》2020年第5期“主编寄语”

On The “Trio” Of Beautiful Cities, By Yu Kongjian

在新冠肺炎疫情（COVID-19）初步稳定后，中国多个部委和全国各大城市政府将城市品质提升行动视为头等大事，逐步推进起来。在刚刚过去的7月和8月，我受邀参与了十多场部级、市级专家咨询会和授课活动，可见，如何建设和管理高品质的美丽城市已经成为实现“美丽中国”愿景及人民对美好生活向往的关键抓手。

如今，城市已成为人类的主要家园，而家园的本质在于人与土地、风、水和生物的生态关系。尽管城市的美丽可以表现在许多方面—诸如社会的公平与和谐、文化的丰厚与多彩、经济的繁荣与活力、生活的富足与幸福、建筑与景观的独特与精美、居民的归属感和认同感—但是，美丽城市的根本是人与自然的和谐共生。没有这份和谐，再亲密的人群也将被迫隔离，正如COVID-19肆虐下的居民；没有这份和谐，再厚重的文明、再多彩的文化、再繁荣的社会也可能顷刻间崩塌；没有这份和谐，再宏伟的建筑、再精美的园林也将黯然无光。回望历史，遥远的1 900年前，古罗马文明的精华之城庞贝，一夜之间被火山灰吞没，留下的仅仅是烤焦的残垣断壁和仍似在痛苦挣扎的人体遗骸；不远处的2004年，正在美丽的东南亚滨海城市享受幸福人生的20余万名游客，瞬间被印度洋海啸吞噬^[1]；最近的2008年，汶川地震转眼便令近7万个鲜活生命消失，美丽的山城化作瓦砾^[2]；以及今天正在泛滥和明天即将到来的滔天洪水，威胁着繁华的城镇和欢乐的人群……

人与自然和谐共生，是美丽城市的根本。以此为根本的城市才是可持续的、坚实而有活力的，其所呈现的形态是一种“深邃之美”：即将人类欲望建立在与自然格局与过程的和谐共生之上。这样的深邃之美，需要从三个维度进行构建：一是美的格局，即深邃的结构；二是美的形态，即深邃的外形和风貌；三是居民的行为，即绿色生活。这便是美丽城市的“三重奏”。

其一，美丽城市的深邃结构。城市与自然的关系首先体现在空间上，可以从“自然中的城市”和“城市中的自然”两个方面来概括。前者是上帝视角下的国土景观，城市仅仅是国土空间中一些微小的点，甚至不足总面积的1%，因此既有的美丽城市的首要之功在于择一良好城址。这一理念在古代山水信仰中被称为“穴”^[3]，乃大自然母亲的胎息所在。自然与城市的关系便如同父母之于子女，兼有不可冒犯的威严和难以抗拒的惩罚，及安全庇护等绵绵恩泽—这种恩泽在当代被称为“生态系统服务”^[4]。而古代的龙脉、祖山、风水林、水口、护砂等构成的“神山圣水”格局，在当代则被称为“国土生态安全格局”或“生态安全屏障”^[5][6]。在这一视角下，美丽城市的深邃结构呈现为城市选址能否与自然和谐共生，城市能否远离洪涝和海潮、山崩和地裂、火山和海啸等自然灾害，这将决定城市能否长存。

“城市中的自然”则是苍鹰的鸟瞰，和谐的城市与自然的空间关系应呈现为镶嵌在城市基底上的连续、健康的自然系统—山－水－林－田－湖－草生命共同体在方圆几十甚至上千平方公里的红尘世界中铺展开来，包括连续的生态廊道、生机勃勃的湿地与湖泊、充满活力的公园绿地等，它们构成了一个能为城市提供自然生态系统服务的生态基础设施。在这一视角下，城市是否具备深邃的结构，取决于这一生态基础设施是否连续完整（包括能否与区域自然山水格局和过程保持连通），以及是否具有足够空间来维持城市的生态韧性—能否为区域洪水提供充足的调蓄空间而不致使灾害；能否有效降解污染、缓解热岛效应、提供多样的生物栖息地，甚至为城市提供部分水、食物、能源和建材；鸟儿在飞行中，能否找到哪怕只是短暂歇脚的“跳板”；鱼儿在游经城市水域时，能否顺畅地到达上游产卵；地震或其他灾害发生时，人类是否有足够的躲避空间和时间；城市能否为居民提供充足的身心再生机会，例如当他们被隔离时，是否仍能方便快捷地进入自然，并获得自然服务……因此，美丽城市的深邃结构就是一个城市基质与自然生态网络相互嵌合的和谐图底关系，是城市适应于自然的空间格局。那些与自然为敌的斩山没谷、断河筑坝、填湖造城等浩大工程所成就的“美丽”，终究是肤浅的、不可持续的。

其二，美丽城市的深邃外形和风貌。在人们的日常活动范围和视野里，城市是由街道、建筑、开放场所（如广场、自然地和公园等）所构成的活动空间。在这一层面上，美丽城市的深邃之形由自然和人文因素相互叠加构成。例如，山坡上的梯田即是底层的地形、土壤和水文过程的显现，而人类明智的开垦和农作则是适应自然过程和巧妙利用自然力的一种表征。这一深邃就在于这是人类适应于自然的结果—犹如白鹭伫立在田间，只因其适宜生存于浅滩湿地。

这种城市对于自然的生态适应成就了城市空间的深邃之美，也成就了城市的美丽风貌。生态适应的本质是经济学意义上的节约和人类学意义的节制—用最少的能源、物质和人力来建造城市，便可获得街道、建筑和开放空间的深邃之美：蜿蜒起伏的道路、顺地形而错落的建筑群、就地势而营造的河网和湖泊、适地而栽植的树木花草，都是适应自然衍生出的深邃之美。因此，我们赞美旧时重庆的山城步道、吊脚楼和黄葛树（Ficus virens），欣赏延安的黄土墙、窑洞和枣树（Ziziphus jujuba），怀念北京的胡同、四合院和槐树（Styphnolobium japonicum），迷恋广州的河涌水街、骑楼和木棉（Bombax ceiba）。然而，当八车道路网横贯重庆，当本地树种被外来树种所替代，重庆这座城市也随之失去了深邃之美。只因不理解美的形态，这样的“化妆”几乎在中国所有的城市上演！

其三，美丽城市的绿色生活。城市的美丽还因市民的绿色栖居、绿色出行、绿色消费而深邃。如果说美丽城市的深邃结构中，人类之于自然犹如子女之于父母，敬畏而又依恋；在深邃形态之中，人与自然犹如相爱的夫妻；那么，在绿色生活成就的美丽城市中，人与自然的关系就犹如父母之于子孙—其深邃的含义在于人类作为父母对其后代的责任和关爱，这便是可持续发展理念的本质：既满足当代人的需求，又保障后代人满足需求的可能性。当街道上有更多的人在步行或骑行，而不是被小汽车填满时，城市便多了一份对后代的关爱；当建筑减少了对空调的使用，屋顶和墙面上长满绿色的植被，城市便为后来者留出了更大的生机；当雨水被收集、废水不再排入溪流、垃圾获得循环，城市便增添了一份让后人感激的温暖；当食品能就地生产、包装少去一层华丽外壳、一次性餐具和塑料袋不再泛滥，城市便多了一份爱意。而绿色的生活方式可归结为对物质和能源的节约、循环和再生，表现为对自然资产的珍惜、对生态系统健康的关爱和对其他生命的关照，这终将促进绿色生产方式的发展。

终了，请不要误解，我们绝不是在倡导极端的环保主义或宗教的禁欲主义，更不是反城市主义或出于对过往人类城市文明的怀旧。城市是人类文明的载体，是人类价值观、审美观在大地上的烙印，是人类欲望和自然力之间的平衡。眼前的工业文明和消费主义，向芸芸众生撩拨无度的消费欲望、催生极其浪费的生活和生产方式，并以前所未有的机械和化学力摧毁着自然格局、毒化着自然过程和生命万物；唆使人类凌驾于自然之上，罔顾子孙的未来。于是，城市纵然绵延千里，防护之墙钢铁般坚硬，街道气势恢弘，建筑巍峨壮丽，园林极尽奇巧，也终究浅薄无根，或毁于洪涛剧震、或挣扎于污水浊气。只有在继承过往文明成果的基础上从与自然的矛盾冲突中不断反思，才能使我们走向新的文明—生态文明；这样的人与自然和谐共生的城市美丽，便是深邃之美、生态之美、（尊重自然和基于自然的）“大脚之美”，与可持续发展之美。

With COVID-19 under control, the urban quality improvement has been considered a prioritized initiative across China by many ministries, commissions, and municipal governments. In the past July and August, I was invited to participate in more than a dozen ministerial and municipal expert consultations and lectures. The Beautiful China construction requires the wise creation and management of high-quality beautiful cities to realize the people’s desires for a better life.

Today, to human beings, cities have become homes that inherently lie in the ecological relationship between human and land, wind, water, and other creatures. The beauty of a city is regarded by many aspects—including the justice and harmony of society, the diversity of culture, the prosperity and vitality of economy, the abundance and happiness of life, the uniqueness and exquisiteness of architecture and landscape, and residents’ sense of belonging and identity. Such a beautiful city is built on the harmony and symbiosis between human and the nature—without this harmony, even the most intimate people will be isolated, just like the ones under the impact of COVID-19; without this harmony, no matter how rich a civilization is, how brilliant a culture is, or how prosperous a society is, it might all collapse in an instant; without this harmony, no matter how magnificent a building or how elaborate a garden is, it would become pale. Such misfortunes are numerous: far back to 1,900 years ago, Pompeii, an epitome of ancient Rome civilization, was swallowed by volcanic ash overnight, leaving nothing more than scorched ruins and human remains that still writhing in agony; not as far as in 2004, more than 200,000 tourists^[1], enjoying a happy time in the beautiful coastal city of Southeast Asia, were instantly engulfed by the Indian Ocean tsunami; in recent 2008, Wenchuan Earthquake took away nearly 70,000 lives and made the beautiful mountainous city destroyed^[2]; and the monstrous floods that is threatening thousands of cities and towns, as well as our lives, all the time…

The harmony of human and the nature supports the city with sustainability, resilience, and vitality in a “deep form”—satisfying human desires while ensuring natural patterns and processes. Such beauty can be constructed in three dimensions: the pattern of beauty (the deep structure); the form of beauty (the deep appearance and style); and the behavior of residents (green lifestyle). This is the “trio” of beautiful cities.

To the deep structure of a beautiful city, the relationship between city and the nature is reflected in spatial configurations that can be summarized into “the city in nature” and “the nature in the city.” The former refers to the national-scale landscape from God’s-eye view, where cities are distributed like mosaics in the territory, taking less than 1% of the total area. Therefore, the primary merit of a beautiful city is a good site selection, which echoes with the metaphor of “cave” (a symbol of the womb of Mother Nature) in China’s ancient landscape beliefs^[3]. The relationship between the city and the nature can be compared to that between children and their parents: the nature not only has the absolute dignity and can exert irresistible punishment, but also offers safe shelters and continuous kindness—which is called “ecosystem services” in modern sciences^[4]; the ancient dragon veins (i.e. rolling mountains), ancestral mountains (i.e. the origin of dragon veins), fengshui forests (i.e. the forests reserved for ideal living conditions), water gates (i.e. inlets or outlets of water bodies), and earth protection (i.e. the hills that protect caves) composed the pattern of “sacred mountains and holy waters,” which is now called “national ecological security pattern” or “ecological security buffers”^[5][6]. In this regard, the deep structure of a beautiful city is defined as the city’s location safety, i.e. whether the city stays away from natural disasters such as floods and tides, landslides and earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis.

“The nature in the city” is the picture captured from the goshawk’s-eye view—continuous and healthy natural systems embedded in urban matrix. A complex community consisting of mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, and grasslands spreads out tens or even thousands of square kilometers on the earth, forming continuous ecological corridors, lively wetlands and lakes, vibrant parks and other green spaces, all of which constitute an ecological infrastructure that can provide the city with natural ecosystem services. In this regard, the deep structure of a beautiful city also requires a continuous and complete ecological infrastructure (which needs to be integrated with regional natural landscape pattern and process), and enough space to sustain the ecological resilience of the city. To be specific, the resilience is reflected by the sufficient spaces to retain and store the floods in the region; the effective reduction of pollution and heat island effect; the diverse habitats; the provision of water, food, energy, and building materials; a “springboard” or even a short rest for birds; a channel in urban environments for fish migration; enough safe spaces and time for people to escape from earthquakes or other disasters; and rich opportunities to access to the nature and enjoy its services for physical and mental relief in case of public emergencies such as under quarantine… Therefore, the deep form of a beautiful city must stem from an interwoven pattern between urban matrix and natural ecological network, i.e. the adaptive pattern to the nature. The “beauty” of large-scale manmade projects which destroys the nature by means of cutting mountains and filling valleys, breaking rivers and building dams, replacing lakes with new towns, etc. is bound to be superficial and unsustainable.

To the appearance and style, the deep form of a beautiful city, which offers daily activity spaces for people (streets, buildings, and open places such as squares, natural areas, and parks), is shaped by a combination of natural systems and humanity. For instance, the manmade terraced fields on the hillside manifesting the underlying topography, soil, and hydrological processes, are reclaimed and farmed through the adaptation to natural processes and the wise use of natural forces. The deep form is precisely the result of human beings adapting to the nature—like an egret living in fields, since they prefer shallow wetlands.

Such ecological adaptation processes of the city to nature witness the deep beauty of urban spaces, as well as the beautiful appearance of the city. The ecological adaptation is essentially considered “saving” in Economics and “moderation” in Anthropology, through which streets, buildings, and open spaces with the deep beauty can be created with minimal energy, materials, and manpower. Inspired by the nature, the road network, the buildings, and the constructed river systems and lakes, and the trees and flowers designed in accordance with the terrain, hydrology, and climate conditions are all of deep meaning. Accordingly, we miss the old mountain trails, irregular buildings, and Ficus virens in Chongqing city; admire the loess walls, cave dwellings, and Ziziphus jujuba in Yan’an city; appreciate Beijing’s hutongs, courtyards, and Styphnolobium japonicum; and laud Guangzhou’s Heyong Water Street, arcade buildings, and Bombax ceiba. However, the beauty of these cities now are losing, for instance, in Chongqing due to the construction of eight-lane road networks and the substitute of exotic tree species for the native ones. Unfortunately, almost all the cities in China are undergoing such “beautification movements” that run counter to the real beautiful form.

In terms of the green lifestyle, a deep beauty of the city is also elaborated by green living, green traveling, and green consumption. If the relationship between human beings with the nature is compared to what children with their parents to the deep structure of beautiful cities, to what couples in love to the deep form, then, to the green lifestyle, the relationship is like what the grandparents to their grandchildren, in which relationship the deep meaning lies in “responsibility” and “care.” They are the essence of sustainable development: not only to meet the needs of contemporaries, but also to support the living of future generations. In the city, such responsibility and care is manifested in the increase of cyclists and pedestrians and the reduction of cars; in the increase of plant-covered roofs and walls and the less use of air conditioners; in the increase of collected rainwater, recycled sewage, and recyclable garbage; in the promotion of local production of food, the decrease of unnecessary packaging and disposable tableware, and no use of plastic bags. A green lifestyle will eventually promote the development of green production mode. In conclusion, citizens’ green lifestyle can be understood as the conservation, recycling, and regeneration of materials and energy, the treasure of natural resources, the concerns on the health of ecosystems, and the care for other lives.

Please do not take it wrong. I am not an extreme environmentalists, a religious asceticism, an anti-urbanist, or a nostalgist indulging in human urban civilization of the past. Instead, I believe that cities are the fruit of human civilization, the imprints of human values and aesthetics, and the negotiation between human desires and natural forces. Today, the industrial civilization and the consumerism not only encourage people’s endless desires and wasteful ways of living and production, but also destroy natural patterns and poison natural processes and creatures with unprecedented mechanical and chemical forces. All these incite people to override and manipulate the nature without any consideration for the future descendants. Although the city could stretch for thousands of miles with steel-like walls, magnificent streets and buildings, and ingenious gardens, all the boom will be doomed to suffer from natural disasters. The ecological civilization, drawing lessons from the conflicts with the nature in the past civilizations, is the only way to achieve the human-nature harmony, as well as the deep beauty, the beauty of ecology, the “Beauty of Big Feet” (that honors and relies upon the nature), and the beauty of sustainability.

REFERENCES

[1] Chinanews. (2005, February 14). Indonesia's death and missing toll from the tsunami rose to 234,271. SINA. Retrieved from http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2005-02-14/21475106991s.shtml

[2] Li, D. (2008). An important Countermeasure for disaster reduction: to raise comprehensive prevention capacity from all respects. City and Disaster Reduction, (5), 25-26. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-0495.2008.05.007

[3] Jiang, S. (2003). The Belief in Cave of Religious Daoism. Journal of Literature, History and Philosophy, (5), 54-62. doi:10.3969/j.issn.0511-4721.2003.05.008

[4] Costanza, R., D'Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farberk, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., … Van Den Belt, M. (1997). The Value of the World’s Ecosystem Services and Natural capital. Nature, 387(15), 253-260. doi:10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00020-2

[5] Yu, K. (1998). The Ideal Landscapes—The Meanings of Feng-shui. Beijing, China: The Commercial Press.

[6] Yu, K. -J, Li, H. -L., Li, D. -H., Qiao, Q., & Xi, X. -S. (2009). National scale ecological security pattern. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29(10), 5163-5175. doi:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.10.001

主编寄语

论美丽城市的“三重奏”（俞孔坚）

桃花源与生存的艺术：我的治愈地球之旅（俞孔坚）

论文

微观情境视角下日本社区营造运动的全球本土化分析（周详，成玉宁，窪田亚矢）

合作生产理念下的社区实践研究—伦敦和长沙案例分析（赵群荟，周恺）

工业化转型发展下城市工业景观的环境再生策略—上海典型案例调研与比较（骆天庆，龚修齐）

以人群健康为导向的小型公共绿地建成环境要素分析—以江苏省南京市老城区为例（关芃，徐小东，徐宁，王伟）

上海市社区公园老年游客活动差异及影响因素探究（姜佳怡，陈明，章俊华）

观点与评论

互联网时代下城市空间品质提升与特色保护（李昊，崔国，周详）

留白：将城市虚空转变为公共空间（塞尔吉奥·洛佩斯－皮涅罗）

主题实践

城市公共领域微更新驱动的整体提升行动—《广州天河中央商务区整体提升行动纲要》（许怀群，林俊逸，朱军，陈安卓）

城市滨水工业区的治理与重生：美国休斯敦港景观规划设计（王娜）

探索与过程

通过社区营造实现城市更新—《大栅栏胡同微更新手册》项目（吕婉玥，郭巍，方濒曦，张宜佳）

后新冠肺炎疫情时代城市的加速智能化（克里斯多夫·凯利，利亚姆·莫里茨）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——城市治理与空间品质提升

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers · Urban Governance and Spatial Quality Improvement

【作者】周详（ZHOU Xiang），成玉宁（CHENG Yuning），窪田亚矢（Aya KUBOTA）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】200页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X 

【出版日期】2020年10月

【定价】58.00元

桃花源与生存的艺术：我的治愈地球之旅

THE LAND OF PEACH BLOSSOMS AND THE ART OF SURVIVAL: MY JOURNEY TO HEAL THE PLANET

作者：俞孔坚  YU Kongjian

摘要

10月8日，国际景观学与风景园林师联合会（IFLA）2020年杰弗里•杰里科爵士奖揭晓，北京大学建筑与景观设计学院教授俞孔坚荣获该奖项。这是国际景观学与风景园林界授予具有杰出贡献的景观设计师和学者的最高终身成就奖。颁奖典礼上，俞孔坚发表主题演讲，回顾了自己的学术与实践生涯，本文为此次演讲实录。回顾过去，俞孔坚认为，他的乡村景观体验融合了现代的景观和城市主义概念、可持续性和美学观，使他有能力应对当今行业所面临的一些常见挑战。当下，新冠肺炎疫情在全球肆虐，他认为，这正是值得我们清醒反思人类与赖以生存的自然世界之间关系的时刻。但他也相信，在疾病的流行及气候变化等危机下，景观设计的重要性也愈发凸显：景观不仅可以治愈身心，还可以治愈地球本身。

关键词

国际景观学与风景园林联合会；杰弗里•杰里科爵士奖；景观设计；生态；美学；乡村；气候变化

Abstract  

On October 8, the 2020 Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe Award of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) was awarded to Yu Kongjian, professor of School of Architecture and Landscape of Peking University. This highest honor for landscape architects and scholars recognizes their outstanding lifelong achievements. This article is a record of his speech given in the award ceremony that summarized his academic and professional careers. Looking back, Yu held that his village landscape experiences, melded with modern concepts of landscape and urbanism, sustainability and aesthetics, enables him to deal with the common challenges faced by the landscape architecture industry today. At the moment, the global COVID-19 pandemic is a powerful reminder that this is an incredibly sobering time to contemplate the relationship between humans and the nature. He also believed that the pandemic—together with other crises such as climate change—is highlighting the importance of landscape architecture that can not only heal bodies and minds, but also the planet itself.

Keywords

International Federation of Landscape Architects; Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe Award; Landscape Architecture; Ecology; Aesthetics; Village; Climate Change

微观情境视角下日本社区营造运动的全球本土化分析

Glocalization-Based Analysis of Japanese Community Building Movement from a Micro-Context Perspective

作者：周详，成玉宁，窪田亚矢  ZHOU Xiang, CHENG Yuning, Aya KUBOTA

摘要

文章首先从词源学的角度阐释了“全球本土化”概念的内涵，以及将之作为现实背景对社区营造展开研究的当代意义。文章指出，通过具体的微观情境来理解全球本土化的概念，是社区营造研究中全面理解本土社会全球化进程最适宜的分析框架。基于此，文章从微观全球化视角出发，以日本的社区营造为例，考察了全球本土化进程对日本社会产生的影响。日本的社区营造除了具备西方社会倡导的“公众参与”所普遍具有的政治学和社会学因素外，还强调从文化的角度来理解日本传统空间意象的保护意义。文章选取东京神乐坂作为研究案例，通过剖析其在社区营造过程中话语实践的创新，来探究日本社会在全球本土化过程中表现出来的复杂性和驱动力。文章关注全球化体系中神乐坂的本土化社区在社会关系塑造中的作用，并通过解析自下而上的营造与由上至下的规划之间产生的矛盾与耦合关系，重点论述日本社区营造当前面临的机遇和挑战，从而希望对中国正在推进的社区营造运动有所启示。

关键词

微观全球化；全球本土化；社区营造；地域共治；文化景观

Abstract  

This paper first explains the etymological connotation of Glocalization and interprets its authenticity and contemporary significance for studying community building. It argues that understanding Glocalization in specific contexts offers an ideal analysis framework to comprehend the globalization processes of local societies. This paper, by adopting a perspective of micro-globalization, studies the community building in Japan to manifest the influence of the process of Glocalization on Japanese societies. In addition to the political and sociological factors prevalent in the public engagement of community building advocated by western countries, Japanese practice is characterized for emphasizing the cultural significance of the traditional Japanese spatial image. Taking the community building case in Kagurazaka of Tokyo, it illustrates the creative discourse practice in the local community building to probe into the complexity and driving forces in Japan’s Glocalization. In addition, this paper focuses on the role of the localized community in shaping the social relations in Kagurazaka under globalization. By analyzing the contradictions and associations between the bottom-up building and the top-down planning, it discusses the opportunities and challenges faced by the community building in Japan and hopes to offer inspirations for the current community-building movement in China.

Keywords

Micro-Globalization; Glocalization; Community Building; Cohabitation and Co-Governance; Cultural Landscape

合作生产理念下的社区实践研究——伦敦和长沙案例分析

Research on the Community Co-Production Practices: A Case Study of London and Changsha

作者：赵群荟，周恺  ZHAO Qunhui, ZHOU Kai

摘要

“合作生产”指公民与政府共同生产社会公共服务的过程，是公共管理领域在应对全球财政紧缩中实现国家－社会资源整合的重要模式创新。21世纪以来，合作生产已成为国外城市治理、社区治理、城市规划等领域的热点议题。鉴于中国学界对合作生产的研究在规划实践中尚缺乏明确指向，本文认为注重全过程参与的社区规划工作中有必要引入合作生产理念。基于国内外文献梳理，研究首先引介了合作生产的概念并提炼其理论要点，其次以英国伦敦巴金－达格纳姆区和中国长沙市丰泉古井社区为例，探讨了合作生产在社区规划、社区治理实践中的作用和形式。最后，针对当前中国社区规划实践急需突破的瓶颈，研究提出三点优化建议：1）将居民以“作为消费者的生产者”来培育自组织力量；2）以“内容创新”为目标展开行动赋能；3）通过包容公共价值与私人价值倡导价值互融。

关键词

合作生产；社区实践；社区规划；社区参与；公共服务；伦敦；长沙市

Abstract  

Co-production, the process where the citizens and the government co-produce the public services, is an essential innovative model on national-social resources integration in the field of Public Administration, responding to the global fiscal austerity. Since the beginning of the 21st century, co-production has become the research hotspot abroad in such fields as urban governance, community governance, and urban planning. There is an absence of studies on the application of co-production in the community planning practices in China. Thus, in-depth exploration on the co-production valuing the whole-process participation is expected. After reviewing the domestic and foreign literature, the author first introduces the connotation of co-production, reviews its key theory implications, and then discusses the roles and forms of co-production in the community planning and community governance practices based on the case study of the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and the Fengquan Gujing Community in Changsha City. The research comes up with three suggestions to the current problems in China’s community planning practices: 1) fostering the self-organizations by viewing “the producers as consumers”; 2) empowering communities with “content innovations”; and 3) encouraging value integration with inclusiveness of public values and private values.

Keywords

Co-production; Community Practices; Community Planning; Community Participation; Public Services; London; Changsha City

工业化转型发展下城市工业景观的环境再生策略——上海典型案例调研与比较

Strategic Analysis of Urban Industrial Landscape Regeneration under Post-Industrialization: A Survey and Comparison Study of Samples in Shanghai

作者：骆天庆，龚修齐  LUO Tianqing, GONG Xiuqi

摘要

中国正处于由工业化向后工业化阶段转换的时期，而上海已率先进入后工业化阶段，历史遗留的大量工业景观面临遗产保护、转型升级和环境治理等发展需求。鉴于上海工业发展历史悠久、园区数量巨大且类型多样，本文通过梳理近代工业发展历史，将工业景观再生归纳为遗产类、转型类和优化类三种类型；通过解析相关规范标准设定的建设要求，就基建控制、服务配套与产业升级这三大重点对上海的典型工业景观分类样区进行调研，并讨论各自的环境再生策略。研究结果表明，遗产类样区需重点应对遗产利用和生态恢复问题；转型类样区需同时关注服务设施的完善、公共空间的塑造，以及循环产业链的构建；优化类样区亟需通过节能减排、立体绿化来提升绿地的生态效益，改善环境品质。不同的工业景观应针对相应的再生类型和具体问题，选取适用的再生策略，以优化环境品质，达成环境、社会和经济相协同的可持续发展。

关键词

工业景观；后工业化；再生策略；城市更新

Abstract  

With the nationwide trend of shifting from industrialization to post-industrialization, Shanghai is one of the first cities stepping into the post-industrialization stage. The large amount of industrial landscapes left over from this transition requires heritage preservation, industrial transformation, and environmental conservation. This paper reviewed the long-term modern industry development of Shanghai and divided its various industrial landscapes into three categories of regeneration: heritage revitalization, site transformation, and environmental optimization. After summarizing the existing constructive guidelines and standards, five sample areas of typical industrial landscapes in Shanghai were surveyed in terms of construction control, supporting service improvement, and industrial structure upgrading, with regeneration strategies suggested for each of them. The results show that the sample area for heritage revitalization needs to prioritize heritage reuse and ecological restoration; sample areas for site transformation should reinforce the improvement of service facilities and public spaces together with establishing the recycling industry chain; and sample areas for environmental optimization have to enhance the ecological performance of green spaces by introducing vertical greening along with energy saving and emission reduction for an environmental quality improvement. In conclusion, strategies for each type of regeneration should vary on a case-by-case basis so as to improve its environment and achieve sustainable development with a synergy in environment, society, and economy.

Keywords

Industrial Landscape; Post-industrialization; Regeneration Strategy; Urban Renewal

以人群健康为导向的小型公共绿地建成环境要素分析——以江苏省南京市老城区为例

Analyses of the Impact of Built Environment Factors of Small Public Green Spaces on Public Health—A Case Study on the Old City Center of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province

作者：关芃，徐小东，徐宁，王伟  GUAN Peng, XU Xiaodong, XU Ning, WANG Wei

摘要

城市公共绿地对人群健康水平有着密切影响，有益于身心健康的体力、社交与休憩活动在两者间起到重要的中介作用。本文以南京市老城区35个小型公共绿地为样本，通过ArcGIS分析、实地调研、勘察测绘等研究方法获取各样本的建成环境要素数据和健康活动数据；随后以区位要素和功能空间要素数据为内在影响因子，以小型公共绿地内的健康活动频次密度为外在表征因子建立岭回归模型，研究规划布局和设计阶段的建成环境要素对人群健康活动的引导作用。结果表明：绿地区位布局对健康活动频次密度的影响相对较低，邻近高密度住区的绿地对健康活动频次密度的促进作用远大于功能密集区域内的绿地；功能设施是影响健康活动频次密度的主导因素，其中休憩座椅密度的正向效用最为显著；合理的空间配置、开敞的环境界面能够显著促进健康活动的发生，绿地率或步道密度过高反而会对健康活动频次密度产生负面影响。最后，基于研究结论，本文对小型公共绿地规划设计提出了相关建议。

关键词

小型公共绿地；人群健康；建成环境；区位要素；功能空间要素；南京市

Abstract  

Urban public green spaces significantly impact public health level, where physical, social, and recreational outdoor activities play an important role in improving people’s physical and mental health. In this paper, a total of 35 samples of small public green spaces were selected, and the data of built environment factors and healthy activities of each sample were collected through ArcGIS analysis, field survey, and mapping. This paper then analyzes the impact of built environment factors on public healthy activities from a planning and design perspective by establishing a ridge regression model, which adopts location factors and functional / spatial factors in small public green spaces as independent variables, and the frequency density of healthy activities as dependent variables. The research reveals that: To location factors, the small public green spaces located near dense residential areas have a much greater impact on promoting public health activities than the ones sitting in dense mixed land use areas; To functional / spatial factors, facilities are the dominant factor that positively impacts users’ healthy activities, particularly the seating density; Reasonably designed small public green spaces or the ones with more open interfaces can effectively encourage people’s healthy activities, while which would be significantly decreased when the green space rate or the path density is excessively high. Finally, the paper proposes suggestions on the planning and design of small public green spaces.

Keywords

Small Public Green Spaces; Public Health; Built Environment; Location Factors; Spatial Elements; Nanjing City

上海市社区公园老年游客活动差异及影响因素探究

Analyses of Elderly Visitors’ Behaviors to Community Parks in Shanghai and the Impact Factors

作者：姜佳怡，陈明，章俊华  JIANG Jiayi, CHEN Ming, ZHANG Junhua

摘要

随着全球越来越多的地区步入老龄化社会，关于人口老龄化与城市发展关系的研究日渐广泛。上海市作为中国人口密度最高且最早步入老龄化社会的城市，正面临严峻的人口老龄化问题。本文以上海市社区公园为例，基于中心城区和非中心城区的城市结构差异，利用手机信令数据获取老年人的时空行为，建立多元线性回归模型，分析了老年人访问社区公园的差异及其影响因素，包括人口密度、老年人自居住地到社区公园的出行距离、城市设施密度等。结果表明，居住地的人口密度及其老龄人口密度、出行距离是影响老年人访问社区公园的三个重要因素，且中心城区和非中心城区社区公园老年游客使用社区公园的影响机制存在差异。有必要针对不同区域的社区公园提出相应的规划设计准则，完善老年人友好型社区公园布局，以落实近年来大力推进的社区养老工作，推动健康公平。

关键词

老龄化；社区公园；手机信令；公园使用；多源大数据；上海市；生活圈

Abstract  

As more and more regions step into the aging society all over the world, research on the relationship between population aging and urban development becomes more extensive. Shanghai, one of the densely-populated cities, is faced with severe population aging problems. Focusing on the disparities between the city’s central and outer districts, this study evaluates elderly visitors’ behaviors to community parks in Shanghai and related impact factors via mobile phone signaling data (conveying the spatiotemporal behavioral patterns of the elderly) and a multiple linear regression equation. The researched factors included popularity density, the traveling distance from the elderly’s living places to community parks, urban facility density, etc. The results suggested that both the total and elder population density, and the traveling distance had significant impacts on the elderly’s visiting behaviors. Moreover, the impact mechanism differ between the central and outer districts. Therefore, specific planning and design guidance for different districts should be proposed to optimize the community park layout so as to promote community support for the elderly care and health justice.

Keywords

Aging; Community Park; Mobile Phone Signaling; Park Usage; Multi-Source Big Data; Shanghai; Life Circle

互联网时代下城市空间品质提升与特色保护

Quality, Characteristics, and Identity Protection of Urban Space in the Internet Era

作者：李昊，崔国，周详  LI Hao, CUI Guo, ZHOU Xiang

摘要

在本次对谈中，三位学者针对当今互联网时代及存量更新背景下中国城市更新中存在的现象和问题进行了深入探讨。首先，三位学者对影响城市空间品质的要素进行了剖析，强调城市更新实践应注重城市空间的社会性、文化性、艺术性、历史性及生态性，并指出了未来城市更新的研究与实践重点，尤其强调了审美启智的重要性。随后，三位学者认为，在“眼球经济”的影响下，时下出现的空间改造“网红化”、城市特色“符号化”等现象可能会引发新一轮的城市同化，以致多元化特色逐渐消失；但城市规划师与设计师也可以对这些网络传播渠道和力量进行正向利用，以实现空间特色保护，甚或引导产生新的城市空间发展范式。此外，他们一致认为，在城市更新过程中民众应享有更大的话语权，这不仅要依靠“共同缔造”的规划模式，更需要设计师承担起深入研究与科普启蒙的重任。最后，三位学者结合具体案例，阐述了城市历史地段改造所面临的诸多挑战，例如城市治理方法落后、城市开发制度存在缺陷、经济发展放缓导致资金受限等，并同时呼吁设计师从中发掘机遇，在满足居民日常生活需求、完善城市治理体系、优化城市更新机制、推动地方经济增长等核心话题层面上持续进行积极探索与创新。

关键词

空间品质；空间质量；城市治理；审美意识；网红化；城市更新；话语权

Abstract  

In this interview, three scholars discussed the problems in China’s urban renewal practice in the Internet Era and the context of inventory development. They first reviewed the factors that impact the characteristics and identity of urban space, and pointed out that urban renewals should not neglect the social, cultural, artistic, historical, and ecological qualities of space. They then underscored the aesthetic education will be future research and practice interest in the field of urban renewal. They noted that, under the impact of “attention economy” and “online influence,” urban spatial construction across Chinese cities would be homogenized, compromising the diversity of spatial characteristics. Nonetheless, urban planners and designers can leverage the online platforms as communication channels and resources for the protection of spatial characteristics and identities, and to foster new urban development paradigms. In addition, the scholars believed that the public should have a greater discourse power in urban renewals, which requires the promotion of Community Co-building Initiative, and designers’ efforts in promoting related research and education programs. In the end, they discussed the challenges faced by the protection of historical sites, including the outdated urban governance methods, flawed urban development institution, and the lack of funds due to the slowdown of economic growth. They also encouraged designers to respond to these challenges with long-term, proactive, and innovative perspectives, truly meeting citizens’ daily needs, improving urban governance methods, optimizing urban renewal mechanisms, and impelling the growth of local economy.

Keywords

Space Characteristics and Identity; Space Quality; Urban Governance; Aesthetic Consciousness; Online Influence; Urban Renewal; Discourse Power

留白：将城市虚空转变为公共空间

The Limit toward Emptiness: Urban Voids as Public Space

作者：塞尔吉奥·洛佩斯－皮涅罗  Sergio LOPEZ-PINEIRO

摘要

城市是资本和文化聚集的空间载体，供养并服务着背景多元、需求迥异的广大市民。因此，城市需要那些可以包容并鼓励多样化的表达和呈现方式——无论是计划性的还是自发性的、受管控的还是不受管控的、永久的还是暂时的——的空间类型。本文认为，留白是一种可以满足这些公众需求的空间品质，而城市虚空即是一种典型的留白空间。“虚空”一词意味着这些空间并不具备与城市（即资本积累的载体）相关的那些价值。但是，这种（资本意义上、房地产意义上的、功效意义上的或生产意义上的）留白恰恰是催生其他场所特性和机会的原因。换句话说，价值上的缺乏是这些闲置空间显得边缘化的原因，而这种边缘性恰恰赋予了城市虚空其他城市空间所没有的公共性的可能。尽管城市虚空为市民创造了许多社交机会，但留白的消逝也暴露了城市虚空的局限性。

关键词

空白；公共空间；城市虚空；空地；模糊地块

Abstract  

Cities are spatial aggregations of capital and culture that host and serve a vast array of different and often contradictory publics. For this reason, cities need spaces that accept and encourage multiple types of representations and forms of expression: planned and spontaneous, regulated and unregulated, permanent and temporary. This essay argues that emptiness is a spatial quality that can satisfy these needs and that urban voids are a paradigmatic example of empty spaces. The term “void” implies that these spaces are emptied of the value typically associated with cities as places of capital accumulation. But this emptiness (of capital, real estate value, efficacy, or production) is what enables other sensibilities and opportunities to emerge. In other words, a lack of value is what makes these vacant spaces appear as marginal, and this marginality is precisely what gives the urban voids the possibilities for publicness that other urban spaces do not have. Despite the social opportunities offered by urban voids, the evanescence of emptiness ultimately exposes the limits of urban voids.

Keywords

Emptiness; Public Space; Urban Voids; Void; Terrain Vague

城市公共领域微更新驱动的整体提升行动——《广州天河中央商务区整体提升行动纲要》

The Overall Improvement of Urban Governance in Public Realm Driven by Micro Regeneration Actions: Master Planning of the Overall Improvement Initiative for Tianhe Central Business District, Guangzhou

作者：许怀群，林俊逸，朱军，陈安卓  XU Huaichun, LIN Junyi, ZHU Jun, CHEN Anzhuo

摘要

本文以《广州天河中央商务区整体提升行动纲要》总体规划为实例，聚焦以城市公共领域微更新为主的城市整体提升行动。为应对本次城市治理行动中问题多样、参与主体众多、时间跨度长等挑战，规划团队建立了“顶层设计－提升策略－行动实施”三个阶段的系统性工作路径，并创新性地提出目标导向的“五度价值体系”、城市治理的“三张城市公共领域地图”、“影响力－复杂度二维矩阵”筛选下的示范项目等规划手法。此外，本次规划工作特别重视公共参与及民众意见反馈，在此过程中，规划团队同时扮演了专业咨询顾问、公众参与活动组织者、沟通平台搭建者、改造项目落地推动者等多种角色。《行动纲要》已于2019年通过审议并法定化，一系列行动项目也自2020年开始分批实施；已实施的项目不仅成功推动了广州市的区域治理工作，也为同类型大都市核心建成区的空间品质提升与城市治理提供了经验与参考。

关键词

城市公共领域；公共空间；城市治理；公众参与；微更新；POPS

Abstract  

By analyzing master planning of the Overall Improvement Initiative for Tianhe Central Business District, Guangzhou, this paper focused on the overall improvement initiative driven by micro regeneration in the urban public realm. To deal with challenges such as a variety of issues, multiple stakeholders, and long time span in this initiative, the planning team came up with a systematic roadmap including three stages, i.e. fundamental principles, design strategies, and implementation measures. In response, they built a goal-oriented Holistic Quintuple-Value System, drew Three Urban Public Realm Maps on urban governance, and launched the pilot action projects based on the “Influence-Complexity Matrix”. Additionally, the team valued public participation and feedback, and played diverse roles, e.g., consultant and organizer for public participation events, promoter for communication of communities, and propellant for project implementation. The Initiative has been reviewed and legalized in 2019, wherein, the implemented ones by stage since 2020, not only enhance the regional governance in Guangzhou, but offer references to urban governance and space quality improvement of the built areas in downtown metropolis of the same kind.

Keywords

Collective Intelligence; Urban Design; Urban Governance; Community Building; Smart Sustainable City; Community Platform; Digital Application

城市滨水工业区的治理与重生：美国休斯敦港景观规划设计

Governance and Rebirth of Urban Industrial Waterfront: Landscape Planning and Design for the Port of Houston, Usa

作者：王娜  WANG Na

摘要

随着大城市人口密度的提高，城市工业区不断寻求新的发展以实现工业景观从单一职能向多功能系统的转变，为城市提供更多的公共活动空间。一个多世纪以来，休斯敦港工业区集合了石油工业、交通运输和生态资源等多重区位优势，一直是当地经济增长的主体推动力；然而，港口工业发展及经济增长的背后却是与周边城市界面的严重分隔。休斯敦港景观规划设计项目以“2045年休斯敦港空间总体规划”为契机，面对生态环境挑战、城市空间格局重新定位等问题，通过景观规划设计手段从激活城市空间和修复生态环境层面对港区进行治理，期望打造经济－社会－生态复合型滨水工业区。项目希望在保障休斯敦港现有职能的同时，使之成为城市治理进程中推动区域活力和增强生态韧性的重要力量。

关键词

城市治理；滨水工业区；城市激活；城市空间；生态修复；休斯敦港

Abstract  

With the increase of population in big cities, urban industrial districts are constantly seeking new development to realize the conversion from single-functional to multifunctional systems, to equip the city with diverse public spaces. The Port of Houston operates at the dynamic confluence of industry, transportation, and ecological systems, and has been a major driver of Houston’s economic growth over the last century. However, behind the prosperous economic growth, the port suffers from the isolation with the surrounding communities. Based on the “2045 Port Houston Master Plan,” the Landscape Planning and Design for the Port of Houston project focuses on urban space activation and ecological environment restoration through landscape planning and design methods, while facing the challenges of ecological environment, urban spatial pattern re-positioning, and other urban issues. The project is expected to build an economically, socially, and ecologically healthy industrial waterfront zone. Port Houston, beyond its primary function as an economic driver, becomes a more visible and substantial force in urban governance of advancing the region’s activation and resilience.

Keywords

Urban Governance; Industrial Waterfront; Urban Vitalization; Urban Space; Ecological Restoration; Port Houston

通过社区营造实现城市更新——《大栅栏胡同微更新手册》项目

Urban Regeneration with Community Building: Dashilanr Micro-Regeneration Handbook

作者：吕婉玥，郭巍，方濒曦，张宜佳  LYU Wanyue, GUO Wei, FANG Binxi , ZHANG Yijia

摘要

近年来，在城市建设转入存量发展的背景下，景观设计师开始探索以社区营造为基础，渐进式、小规模介入的城市微更新模式。本文所述项目基于景观设计学视角，关注日常景观，探索以公共空间为载体的城市空间品质提升策略，同时探讨景观设计师加入公众参与及社区营造的方式。项目以北京大栅栏街区为研究与实验对象，探索了大栅栏公共空间微更新框架的制定，以及以“快闪”实验为主的创新型公众参与模式。针对大栅栏现状空间问题，项目团队提出了活动植入、交通改善、绿化提升、雨水管理和节事与业态策划五大策略；“快闪”空间实验则通过临时设置的城市空间意向装置，将反馈展示、互动性体验、社区营造等多个功能相互融合。整个项目将理论与实践相结合，重视传播效应及专业边界的探讨，最终总结编制成《大栅栏胡同微更新手册》，为北京老城区的存量规划提供了可资借鉴的实验样本。

关键词

城市微更新；城市公共空间；社区营造；公众参与；快闪

Abstract

In recent years, in the context of the transition from urban construction to inventory development, landscape architects have begun to explore an urban micro-regeneration mode with gradual, small-scale interventions based on community building. Through the lens of Landscape Architecture, the project elaborated in this article focuses on everyday landscape, explores strategies for improving urban spatial quality in public space, and discusses the ways that landscape architects engage in public participation and community building. Taking Dashilanr neighborhood as the testing ground, this project experimented on a public space micro-regeneration framework and an innovative public participation mode based on pop-up practices. In response to current spatial problems in Dashilanr neighborhood, the project team proposed a regeneration framework of 5 strategies for public space: activity implantation, traffic improvement, greening promotion, rainwater management, and event and industry planning. As a test to the framework, project presentation and feedback, interactive experience, community building, and other functions were integrated into temporary urban space installations in the pop-up spaces. Combined theoretical framework with practical experiences, this project paid attention to the discussion of propagation effects and discipline boundaries, so as to compile the Dashilanr Micro-Regeneration Handbook, which provides an experimental sample for the inventory planning of Beijing’s old city.

Keywords

Urban Micro-Regeneration; Urban Public Space; Community Building; Public Participation; Pop-up

后新冠肺炎疫情时代城市的加速智能化

The Accelerated Smart(-ification) of Cities Post-Covid-19

作者：克里斯多夫·凯利，利亚姆·莫里茨  Christopher KELLY, Liam MOURITZ

摘要

当前，不论是政府、开发商，还是大型科技公司，都纷纷投身于智慧城市的建设中，期望打造出一个高效、方便（且盈利的）的“智慧”大都市，以适应和调和城市发展的快速节奏。虽然由无人机、平衡车和闪亮的反光玻璃高楼等典型智慧城市愿景构建出的未来城市很诱人，但现实是，真正的高品质（智慧）城市包含着自下而上的繁杂和城市活力，这对城市的整体繁荣至关重要。

在Hassell于深圳新桥区城市转型项目竞赛的获胜方案中，设计团队探索了智慧型创新城市首先需要秉持的理念——构建一个能促进包容性、多元性、协作性和韧性的场所。如今，我们还处于新冠肺炎疫情持续的不确定性中，设计团队深知对于智慧城市的豪言将更甚以往，且这将成为一种必要的城市监控方式，用来支持社区建设、防控疫情—构建一个更具韧性和适应性的城市环境，将有助于在大型灾难事件发生时推动城市重新校准、重新组织并实时进化。在此类情况下，城市设计师能否在实现韧性之外，更进一步地设想灾难性事件发生后的城市发展？

关键词

智慧城市；去中心化；适应性；韧性；包容性；多元性

Abstract  

Governments, developers and big-tech companies have become enamoured with the possibility of the smart city: an efficient, convenient (and profitable) “smart” metropolis to help accommodate and optimize rapid urban growth. While it is tempting to wash renders of future cities with the typical smart city visions of drones, segways, and shiny reflective glass towers—the reality is that good (smart) cities incorporate a bottom-up messiness and urban vitality which is fundamental to the overall thriving of the city.

In Hassell’s competition winning scheme for the Xinqiao District in Shenzhen—the design team explored the ideas that a smart and innovative city that first and foremost uphold—a place which fosters inclusivity, diversity, collaboration, and resilience. Now through times of ongoing uncertainty in the COVID-19 era, Hassell’s design team expects an even greater adoption of smart cities rhetoric as a form of necessary urban surveillance and to manage and support communities and the containment of the COVID-19—building urban resilience against big disaster events, enabling adaptive environments that can re-calibrate, reorganize, and evolve in real-time as needed. Can urban designers go beyond resilience to imagine cities which thrive and grow out of disaster events?

Keywords

Smart City; Decentralization; Adaptability; Resilience; Inclusivity; Diversity