《景观设计学》2020年第3期

俞孔坚•两种文明的斗争：基于自然的解决方案——《景观设计学》2020年第3期“主编寄语”

这里所讲的“两种文明的斗争”有别于塞缪尔·亨廷顿所著《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》一书中的内容，而特指生态文明在发展进程中，与工业文明的世界观、方法论和技术论之间的对抗——这是人类社会进步过程中的一种搏斗与突围。尽管人类走向生态文明是一种必然，但要实现这一目标却需要无数人、无数次的艰苦奋斗，从某种意义上来说，这是一场革命。人类终将通过尊重、保护、适应和利用自然，以更加经济有效的方式回应自身的社会和经济诉求，最终实现思想方法和技术手段的进步。在应对诸如气候变化、洪涝灾害、水土污染等环境危机时，尤其应当借助自然力量来塑造城市的生态韧性^[1]，而非依赖工业文明的工程技术手段。

2017年3月14日，野生动物摄影师奚志农突然打电话向我求助：“大理双鸳溪的溪底正在‘抹水泥’，要建九道水泥坝，好惨呐！怎么才能救救她？”奚志农已经在这里居住了近10年，经常带女儿们到溪谷中感受清凉的溪水，闲坐于巨大的卵石之上，欣赏四季的野花。他无法容忍这一切的消失，也不愿看到心爱的溪流被钢筋水泥所捆绑。透过他发来的视频可以看到，河道治理工程就在他家门前进行着，几台挖掘机正在粉碎他和女儿们经常蹲坐的磐石，溪谷中的植被也已荡然无存；他哽咽的声音让人感受到欲哭无泪的痛楚。

他之所以打电话向我求助，是因为我们在2005年圆明园湖底防渗工程中的共同立场—让自然呼吸。于是，我们分头行动，说服了大理市政府，并借助当地媒体的力量，使正在进行中的河道治理工程得以暂停。然而遗憾的是，我们终究没能成功解救这条河流——一年之后，工程再次启动，河道的硬化和渠化以更猛烈的方式卷土重来，双鸳溪最终还是被九道水泥坝切割开了。相关部门以“保障人民生命财产安全”的名义聚集了诸多“专家”和行政力量，彻底无视了生态专家们的抗议。在此项工程中，上级政府完成了数百万元的融资，当地政府实现了GDP的增长，工程公司则获得了巨额收益。这一看似皆大欢喜的工程葬送了积累千万年的自然资产，奚志农和女儿们再也无法拥有苍山溪谷的美好生态体验。

2020年4月20日，在世界地球日前夕，已三年未联系的奚志农再一次来电：“又来了！这回可不再是用几百万的投资去硬化一条溪流，而是要花将近三个亿去硬化和渠化‘苍山十八溪’的其中5条。看看三年前在双鸳溪实施的硬化工程，不但原本的自然溪流被毁，后建的水坝基础也逐渐被加速的水流掏空。快救救苍山五溪吧！”而后，致力于守护自然的志愿者们再次发起了行动。时至今日，这场关于如何治理洱海以及如何对待苍山溪流的两种文明间的搏斗仍处于胶着之中。但令人欣慰的是，相较20年前，这一次政府的态度谦逊且鼓舞人心。

对于20年前那场反对北京河流工程化的行动，我记忆犹新：在那场对抗中，环保人士与学者的抗争最终以被扣上“冲击政府”的帽子而告终。在“防洪”“治污”“改善人居环境”等堂而皇之的口号下，北京城区几乎无河不被裁弯取直、无河不被硬化渠化、无河不被设坝安闸。环保人士与学者只得无奈表示：你们一定会后悔的，届时将要花费更多的金钱来将它们拆掉。果不其然，不到10年时间，北京就开始了拆除硬化水泥河道的行动—这看似是一项惠民工程，但令人匪夷所思的是，某些河道硬化工程却仍在同步进行着^[2]。反观这两次行动，河流工程化不但没能实现洪涝防治、污染治理、美化环境等目标，反而使城市原有的生态韧性消失了，水资源与环境问题愈发严重。

同样的斗争在2005年的“圆明园防渗大辩论”中再次上演。那场“大辩论”可以视作是对中国“基于自然的解决方案”（nature-based solutions）的一次启蒙。当年3月22日，我接到对环境保护情怀满满的生态学家张正春的电话，他心急火燎地告诉我，圆明园福海湖底被铺上了防渗土工布，悲叹之气与奚志农一模一样。就此，我便参与到一场旷日持久的抵制防渗工程的斗争中，同时参与这场斗争的还有王如松（已故）、梁从诫（已故）、崔海亭等生态和环保领域的专家。3月28日，人民网率先就此事发声，由此掀起了一场全民生态启蒙运动^[3]，并促使国家环境保护总局举办了圆明园遗址公园湖底防渗工程公众听证会，引发了全社会的广泛关注。尽管最终圆明园管理处还是以折中的方式完成了防渗工程，但在这场运动中，官方部门（国家环境保护总局）和官方媒体（人民网等）几乎都站到了生态环保人士的一边，局部利益的代表人士遭到了强烈声讨和孤立。事件历时数月，媒体报道铺天盖地，可以说是中国民间生态保护运动的一次大胜利。

2012年7月21日是一个值得铭记的转折点。这天夜里，一场暴雨将北京市脆弱的城市韧性暴露无遗，79条鲜活的生命消逝在街道上、立交桥下、汽车里、河水中……治理了几十年、在水利工程上堪称铜墙铁壁的首都，何以如此不堪一击？这绝非学术问题，而是公众意识，特别是决策者的意识问题。为此，4天后我便向相关决策者提交了题为《关于建立“绿色海绵”解决北京雨洪灾害的建议》的报告^[4]，并借助大众媒体以公开信的形式进行了传播^[5]。

2012年8月25日，在中央电视台编导胡劲草女士的推动下，“新闻调查”栏目播出了《会呼吸的河道》访谈节目，通过官方媒体的报道传播了利用自然途径建立“绿色海绵”来解决城市雨涝问题的正确方法，在某种程度上代表了“民间”声音向“官方”声音的转变。这种声音的转变在一年后再次出现：2013年12月12日，习近平总书记在《中央城镇化工作会议》的讲话中强调“在提升城市排水系统时要优先考虑把有限的雨水留下来，优先考虑更多利用自然力量排水，建设自然存积、自然渗透、自然净化的海绵城市”^[6]。

20年的时间对于个人来说是漫长的，但对于推动一种文明的发展来说却是短暂的。从北京市的河流工程化抵制行动，到全国性的海绵城市运动，保护自然和基于自然来解决中国城镇化和工业化进程中所产生的诸多环境问题（包括河湖污染、土壤毒化、栖息地消失等），将是一条布满荆棘却也充满希望的光明之路，更会是保证中国城市健康发展的必由之路—这也许是中国可以为解决全球性生态环境问题所能做出的最大贡献！

^{The conflict between ecological and industrial civilizations here, different from what was presented in Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, is about the methods, technologies, and world views. This is a tortuous struggle in which humans battle generation to generation for civilization to survive. The envisioned beautiful ecological civilization requires ideological reform and technological advance—a true revolution, in some sense, by solutions supported by the nature, which can respond to the social and economic demands of change more cost-effectively. That is to say, natural forces, instead of the engineering approaches symbolized by industrial civilization, may contribute to the urban resilience[1] in their ingenuity addressing crises such as climate change, flooding, and water and soil pollution.}

^{On March 14, 2017, I got a sudden call from Xi Zhinong, a wildlife photographer for help: “They are cementing the riverbed of the Shuangyuan Stream in Dali. Nine concrete dams are to be built. It is cruel! How can I protect the stream?” Having lived near the stream for about ten years, Xi and his daughters enjoyed the cool water, rocks, and wildflowers that bloomed in different seasons. This cementing project would deprive them of the joy their beloved natural stream brought. I noticed in the video he sent that both the rocks and plants in the stream were being shattered and removed by excavators near his house. His choked voice made me feel the pain he was suffering.}

^{Xi called me because in 2005 we had worked on an anti-seepage project for Yuanmingyuan Park in Beijing, and had shared similar feelings about “letting nature breathe.” For the Dali case, we reached out the local press and persuaded the local government to halt the cementing project. Unfortunately, we failed to rescue the stream. A year later the project started again in a more violent way and the Shuangyuan Stream was finally cut apart by the nine concrete dams. The authorities had gathered many so-called “experts” and administrative forces in the name of “guaranteeing the safety of people’s lives and property,” yet they ignored the protests of ecological experts. From this project, higher-level government financed several million yuan and the local government achieved GDP growth, while engineering enterprises received huge profits. However, the economically beneficial project was achieved at the cost of natural ecosystems whose worth had accumulated for dozens of centuries. Xi and his daughters could no longer have access to the eco-experience in the beautiful valley of the Cangshan Mountains.}

^{On April 20, 2020, the eve of World Earth Day, Xi called again. I had not heard from him for three years. “They come again!” he cried, “Instead of millions of RMB invested to the Shuangyuan Stream, they will channelize other five streams of ‘the Cangshan Eighteen Streams’.” This time, the project would cost three hundred million yuan. “Did not they notice the loss of natural resource and the accelerated water flow speed due to the dam construction three years ago? We must act at once to save these five streams!” He sounded desperate. Shortly afterwards, volunteers who dedicated themselves to nature protection launched an effort to save the river. So far, the conflict between the industrial civilization and ecological civilization about how to approach the Erhai Lake and the streams of the Cangshan Mountains are at a deadlock. Today, the authority’s response to nature protection is unassertive and inspiring, compared with 20 years ago.}

^{I still remember the conflict 20 years ago between the government and environmentalists and scholars who opposed Beijing’s project on river management. That standoff ended in failure and was labelled as an interference in public affairs. Almost all the rivers through the downtown of Beijing were cutoff, channelized, or dammed in the name of “flood mitigation,” “pollution control,” and “improvement of living environment.” Environmentalists and scholars had warned that they would pay for this recklessness. Ironically, in less than ten years, Beijing began to dismantle the cement along rivers under a strategy of “bringing nature back,” but urban rivers keep getting channelized[2]. In the cases of both Dali and Beijing, no goals of flood control, pollution treatment, or environmental beautification were achieved. Instead, urban resilience was consumed while water and environmental problems were only becoming more severe.}

^{A same conflict between ecology and industry occurred in 2005 over the anti-seepage project of Yuanmingyuan Park. This experience highlights a beginning of China’s “nature-based solutions.” On March 22, 2005, I received a call from Zhang Zhengchun, an ecologist. With the same emotion as Xi in the Dali case, he anxiously told me that the lakebed of Fuhai Lake in Yuanmingyuan Park was being covered with anti-seepage geotextile. Because of this call I joined in a prolonged protest against the project. Other experts in the fields of ecology and environmental protection, including Wang Rusong (deceased), Liang Congjie (deceased), and Cui Haiting, were also involved in this effort. On March 28, People.cn took the lead to speak on this matter which promoted the State Environmental Protection Administration to hold a public hearing on the lakebed anti-seepage project. This coverage brought wide-spread attention to the project and helped create a national ecological enlightenment movement.[3] Although the Administrative Office of Yuanmingyuan Park completed the anti-seepage project in a compromised way, the official departments of the State Environmental Protection Administration and the official media, such as People.cn, all stood with the environmentalists. This months-long effort ended up with a big win for the ecological protection movement led by the public.}

^{The night of July 21, 2012 was also a moment to remember when a heavy storm exposed the fragile resilience of Beijing, as 79 lives were lost to flooding streets, underpasses, and cars. After decades of hydrological management, how did Beijing’s water flow become so volatile? This is by no means an academic issue, but a matter of public awareness—especially the one for the decision makers. To this end, four days later, I submitted a report entitled “Recommendations on the Establishment of a ‘Green Sponge’ to Solve the Flood Disaster in Beijing” to government official[4]. The report quickly spread in the form of an open letter through mass media[5].}

^{On August 25, 2012, Ms. Hu Jincao, a television director at China Central Television, helped broadcast a program for the “Breathing River.” The segment interviewed several officials and landscape architects advocating for a “green sponge” approach to issues of urban waterlogging. This marked a leap from grassroots movement to official policy. Such a change appeared a year later. On December 12, 2013, President Xi Jinping spoke at the Central Working Conference of Urbanization on the need for upgrading urban drainage systems. President Xi emphasized that we should give priority to retaining rainwater and leveraging natural forces to drain water, so as to build Sponge Cities where stormwater can be naturally conserved, infiltrated, and purified[6].}

^{Twenty years, though a long time for individual efforts, is short for the development of civilization. The road from protesting engineering projects in Beijing to implementing nationwide Sponge Cities will be a tough journey, also for developing nature-based solutions responding to other pressing environmental problems (water and soil pollution, habitat loss, etc.). But this work is needed. China must take this route to realize healthy development for all cities. This might also become China’s greatest contribution in tackling global ecological and environmental problems!}

^REFERENCES

^{[1] Faivre, N., Fritz, M., Freitas, T., De Boissezon, B., & Vandewoestijne, S. (2017). Nature-Based Solutions in the EU: Innovating with nature to address social, economic and environmental challenges. Environmental Research, (159), 509-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.032}

^{[2] Dong, Y. (2007, June 29). The hardened cement rivers in Beijing are being dismantled. Retrieved from http://zqb.cyol.com/content/2007-06/29/content_1809036.htm}

^{[3] Zhao, Y. (2005, March 28). Remove anti-seepage geotextile to save Yuanmingyuan Park! People’s Daily Online. Retrieved from http://env.people.com.cn/GB/1072/3274122.html}

^{[4] China News Network of the CPPCC. (2012, August 8). Address urban flooding cannot simply rely on the building of drainage pipe system with large invest. China News Network of the CPPCC. Retrieved from http://cppcc.people.com.cn/n/2012/0911/c34948-18976468.html}

^{[5] Yu, K. (2012). Let flooding not be a disaster, but an opportunity: An open letter to city planners, builders and decision makers. Xin Xiang Ping Lun, (18), 38-39.}

^{[6] People’s Daily. (2013, December 15). The Central Working Conference of Urbanization was held in Beijing. Communist Network. Retrieved from http://news.12371.cn/2013/12/15/ARTI1387057117696375.shtml}

主编寄语

两种文明的斗争：基于自然的解决方案（俞孔坚）

论文

广州市南沙区农业区域海平面上升应对策略（陈崇贤，夏宇，杨潇豪）

小尺度公园对于城市热岛效应的缓解作用——基于南京市中心城区社区公园的实证研究（肖逸，戴斯竹，赵兵）

立体生态景观的适应性重构——山地城市河流护岸草本植物群落生态种植（袁嘉，陈炼，罗嘉琪，张冠雄，游奉溢）

运用社交媒体探索基于自然解决方案中的生态系统服务感知（翟雪竹，埃卡特·兰格）

观点与评论

实现设计目标——如何打造有益健康的城市绿地（乌尔莉卡·K·斯蒂多特，乌尔里克·西德尼斯）

以栖息地修复为导向的湿地公园设计方法——以云南省保山市青华湿地为例（张莉，张杰龙）

生态还是自然主义：关于当代种植设计的简要回顾和一些思考（蔡哲铭）

主题实践

赣江“S湾”活水岸公园：自然驱动的河流景观生态修复实践（张楚晗）

顺水而为：武汉长江主轴滨水公园（迈克尔·格罗福，张韬）

探索与过程

基于本土主义的设计（朱莉娅·沃森，艾弗里·罗伯森，费利克斯·德·罗森）

以大众为主体的气候变化适应性多视角制图（纳欣·玛塔妮，托马斯·霍尔德内斯）

【中文刊名】《景观设计学》——基于自然的解决方案与城市韧性

【英文刊名】Landscape Architecture Frontiers • Nature-Based Solutions and Urban Resilience

【作者】陈崇贤（CHEN Chongxian），夏宇（XIA Yu），杨潇豪（YANG Xiaohao）等

【出版社】高等教育出版社有限公司

【页码】178页彩色印刷

【刊号】ISSN 2096-336X

【出版日期】2020年6月

【定价】58.00元

广州市南沙区农业区域海平面上升应对策略

Resilience Strategies to Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the Agricultural Areas in Nansha District of Guangzhou

作者：陈崇贤，夏宇，杨潇豪  CHEN Chongxian, XIA Yu, YANG Xiaohao

摘要

海平面上升将造成低地淹没、风暴潮加剧、海岸侵蚀等一系列生态环境影响。珠江三角洲地区农业系统发达，洪涝灾害频繁；鉴于粤港澳大湾区建设的重要性及其所面临的海岸灾害的高风险性，针对该地区农业用地受海平面上升和风暴潮灾害影响的研究十分必要。

本研究以广州市南沙区农业区域为对象，采用“源－途径－受体－影响”框架构建农业区域脆弱性评估模型，以暴露度、敏感性和适应性为基础构建评估指标体系，并基于ArcGIS平台定量化评估未来海平面上升和风暴潮对研究区域潜在的淹没风险、经济损失及其脆弱性空间分布特征。结果表明，在最低灾害风险预景和最高灾害风险预景下，南沙区农业区域淹没面积占比分别为73.38%和87.96%，经济损失分别为389 738.55万元和714 049.79万元；南沙中部地区的农业区域淹没风险较大，但北部和南部的农业区域脆弱性较高。研究进一步提出，未来可以通过防御、适应及迁移等一系列应对策略降低南沙农业区域的受灾风险和损失。

关键词

海平面上升；沿海农业区域；脆弱性评估；应对策略；防御；适应；迁移

Abstract 

It evinces that sea level rise aggravates low-lying terrain inundation, storm surges, beach erosion, and other ecological damages. The developed agricultural system in the Pearl River Delta is at a high risk to floods; and, in light of the tactical significance of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and its high vulnerability to sea level rise and storm surges, it urgently requires to study their impacts on the agricultural areas in this region.

Taking Nansha District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China as the study area, this study builds a vulnerability evaluation model of agricultural areas with the Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence framework using an indicator system upon exposure, sensibility, and adaptation, and quantitatively predicts the inundation risk level, financial loss, and vulnerability patterns of varied scenarios of sea level rise superimposed with storm surges with the ArcGIS. The main findings include 1) the stimulated proportion of inundated areas in minimum-risk and maximum-risk scenarios is 73.38% and 87.96% respectively, and the estimated financial loss in both scenarios is RMB 3,897.3855 million and 7,140.4979 million, respectively; 2) the central Nansha will suffer from a higher inundation risk, and the northern and southern agricultural parts within the study area have a higher vulnerability to flood disasters. Resilience strategies—through defense, adaptation, or relocation—for each vulnerable zone are then proposed accordingly.

Keywords

Sea Level Rise; Coastal Agricultural Area; Vulnerability Evaluation; Resilience Strategy; Defense; Adaptation; Relocation

小尺度公园对于城市热岛效应的缓解作用——基于南京市中心城区社区公园的实证研究

Mitigation of Urban Heat Island Effect with Small-Scale Parks—An Empirical Study on Community Parks Iin Nanjing, Jiangsu Province

作者：肖逸，戴斯竹，赵兵  XIAO Yi, DAI Sizhu, ZHAO Bing

摘要

城市化快速发展加剧了城市热岛效应，而城市绿地能够发挥重要的微气候调节功能。为探究小尺度公园的面积与形状对热岛效应的缓解作用，本文以江苏省南京市中心城区的社区公园为例，选取2019年Landsat 8-OLI遥感影像数据进行地表温度反演，借助ArcGIS 10.4识别52个社区公园，并以核建筑密度估计法对社区公园进行分类，探讨缓解城市热岛效应的最佳社区公园面积阈值和形状规律。结果表明：1）随着社区公园缓冲带距离的增加，降温强度逐渐减弱，降温范围多在0~180m；2）面积、形状、归一化植被指数是影响公园降温强度的重要因素；3）高核建筑密度的社区公园降温强度更佳，且面积阈值（0.848hm²）大于低核建筑密度的社区公园（0.384hm²）；4）社区公园形状趋于圆形或正方形时，降温效果显著。因此，在城市绿地系统规划层面，建议在高建筑密度区域合理规划小尺度的公园绿地，精细化的存量设计与管理有助于发挥城市区域的最佳生态效益，能更好地缓解局部热岛效应。

关键词

社区公园；基于自然的解决方案；城市热岛效应；微气候调节；实证研究

Abstract 

Cities have suffered from urban heat island (UHI) effect due to rapid urbanization, which can be effectively adjusted by urban green space. Taking the community parks in central area of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province as an example, this paper explored the size and shape of small-scale parks to mitigate the UHI effect. Land surface temperature was retrieved from Landsat 8-OLI remote-sensing image of 2019. The 52 studied community parks were identified with ArcGIS 10.4, and classified by kernel building density. The threshold-size and optimal shape of community parks to mitigate UHI effect were then discussed. The results showed that 1) with the increase of buffer ring distance around the community parks, the cooling intensity decreased and the cooling extent were mostly less than 180 m; 2) the area, shape, and the NDVI of the parks were important factors affecting the cooling intensity; 3) the cooling intensity of community parks under a high kernel building density was better, with a higher threshold-size (0.848 hm2) than that of the low ones (0.384 hm2); and 4) the optimal cooling intensity would occur when the park in a shape of circle or square. In conclusion, it is suggested that small green space should be planned in the areas under a high building density. Through renewal design and refined management measures in the urban green space system planning, giving full play to the ecological benefits of urban green spaces in mitigating the local UHI effect can also be expected.

Keywords

Community Park; Nature-Based Solutions; Urban Heat Island Effect; Microclimate Adjustment; Empirical Study

立体生态景观的适应性重构——山地城市河流护岸草本植物群落生态种植

An Adaptive Multi-Layered Ecological Landscape: The Ecological Planting of Herbaceous Communities on River Revetments in Mountainous City

作者：袁嘉，陈炼，罗嘉琪，张冠雄，游奉溢  YUAN Jia, CHEN Lian, LUO Jiaqi, ZHANG Guanxiong, YOU Fengyi

摘要

植物群落是为山地城市河岸景观提供固岸护岸、泥沙拦截、水体净化、生态缓冲、生物多样性保育及景观美化等复合生态功能的重要载体。山地城市水文过程复杂多变，对河岸景观中植物群落的结构、功能和生态过程形成逆境胁迫。研究基于重庆市九龙外滩河流护岸的修复实践，提出了以顺应水文特征的分带分段优化种植和多层拟自然野花草甸配置为主体的河岸草本植物群落生态种植技术框架，进而阐述了山地城市河流护岸草本植物景观的生态种植设计与实践的原则与模式，最后评估了草本植物群落所发挥的生态效益，发现草本群落能够应对夏季山地河流的陡涨陡落与高温干旱的交替作用，以及暴雨径流冲刷等复杂山地城市水文条件。研究可为长江干流河岸景观优化提供科学参考，为长江生态大保护与长江上游重要生态屏障建设提供实践应用范式。

关键词

草本植物群落；河流护岸；水文条件；生态种植；适应性；山地城市

Abstract 

Plant communities in mountainous cities play significant roles in revetment protection, sediment interception, water purification, ecological buffer, biodiversity conservation, and landscape quality improvement. Meanwhile, the local complex hydrologic conditions may pose adversity stress to the structure, function, and ecological process of these plant communities. This paper introduces the restoration practices of river revetments in the Jiulong Waitan section of Chongqing employing ecological planting strategies. First, a technical framework was proposed for the re-establishment of riparian herbaceous communities as the multi-layered semi-natural meadows that were planted by strips and zones upon hydrologic conditions. Second, principles and modes of these ecological planting practices were elaborated. Third, an evaluation on the communities’ performance indicated that they could adapt to the complex hydrological conditions in mountainous cities, including sharp rise and fall of river level during summer floods, high temperature, and storm runoff. This study may provide a scientific reference for riverfront landscape optimization of the main stream of the Yangtze River, and a paradigm for the ecological conservation and the establishment of ecological barrier for the upper reaches.

Keywords

Herbaceous Communities; River Revetment; Hydrologic Conditions; Ecological Planting; Adaptability; Mountainous Cities

运用社交媒体探索基于自然解决方案中的生态系统服务感知

Using Social Media to Explore Perceptions of Ecosystem Services by Nature-Based Solution Projects

作者：翟雪竹，埃卡特·兰格  ZHAI Xuezhu, Eckart LANGE

摘要

自然湿地在维持区域水量平衡、调节区域气候和维持生物多样性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。近年来，由于城市的不断扩张，中国的自然湿地显著萎缩；为了补偿损失的自然湿地并降低城市脆弱性和灾难风险，包括建设湿地公园在内的众多基于自然的解决方案被提出。中国在过去10年中创建了成百上千座湿地公园，它们有的受自然湿地的启发而新建，有的依托现有湿地生态系统进行建造。目前，大多数关于湿地公园生态系统服务的研究都集中在技术层面，很少针对公众感知展开；亦缺乏公众对湿地公园感知方面的研究。本研究探究了大量来自社交媒体（即新浪微博）的基于时间和地理粒度的数据，对微博文本进行语义分析，以了解公众如何感知广州湿地公园的生态系统服务，并与专业机构所宣传的生态系统服务进行比较，来探寻影响这些感知的因素。研究结果表明，就公众感知到的和机构宣传的生态系统服务而言，游憩、美学和栖息地服务是感知最频繁的三种服务，且游憩服务与美学服务之间紧密关联。观花植物和彩叶乔木是促进公众对美学服务感知的最重要因素，而鸟类是促进栖息地服务感知的关键。研究结果能够帮助更好地管理湿地公园等基于自然解决方案的项目，使其进一步满足公众期望。

关键词

基于自然的解决方案；湿地公园；生态系统服务；感知；社交媒体

Abstract 

Natural wetlands play a vital role in maintaining regional water balance, regulating regional climate, and maintaining biodiversity. Due to urban sprawl in China, the loss of natural wetlands has been dramatic. In recent years, nature-based solutions, including wetland parks, have been advocated to compensate for this loss and to reduce vulnerability and disaster risks. As a result, inspired by natural wetlands or building on existing wetland ecosystems, hundreds of wetland parks have been created in China over the last decade. Most research on ecosystem services of wetland parks has to date focused on technical perspectives, with only a few addressing public perception; the public’s perception of wetland parks is not well understood. This research used social media (i.e. Sina Weibo) to access large volumes of data and provide temporal and geographic granularity. A semantic analysis of microblogs was performed to understand how the public perceives the ecosystem services of wetland parks in Guangzhou. This study explored the public’s perceptions and compared these with the ecosystem services as communicated by professional institutions, and probed into the factors that affect these perceptions. The results showed that the top three ecosystem services perceived by both the general public and communicated by institutions are recreation, aesthetics, and refugia / habitat. There is a strong interconnection between the perceptions of recreation and aesthetics services. Flowering plant species and colored-leaf trees are the most important stimuli affecting perceptions of aesthetics services, and birds are key to the perception of refugia / habitat services. These results provide a basis for better aligning management of projects utilizing nature-based solutions, such as wetland parks, with expectations from the public.

Keywords

Nature-Based Solutions; Wetland Park; Ecosystem Services; Perception; Social Media

实现设计目标——如何打造有益健康的城市绿地

Keeping Promises—How to Attain the Goal of Designing Health-Supporting Urban Green Space

作者：乌尔莉卡·K·斯蒂多特，乌尔里克·西德尼斯  Ulrika K. STIGSDOTTER, Ulrik SIDENIUS

摘要

城市绿地在应对城市化带来的健康挑战中发挥着重要作用。相关研究结果表明，城市绿地能够改善人们的健康与福祉，辅助自然疗愈方法的实施。在这一过程中，致力于健康设计的景观设计师承担着重要职责。世界卫生组织曾指出，认识到如何进行城市绿地设计才能使其真正发挥积极的健康效益极具意义。为此，他们开发制定了各类工具和设计指南来指导设计。但对于设计师而言，这些工具较难适用于具体的设计实践，相关指南也缺乏通用性。

本文提出了基于循证康复景观设计（EBHDL）的流程模型，以帮助景观产生积极的健康效益。模型由哥本哈根大学自然、健康与设计研究小组开发，已历时15年。在此期间，研究人员、从业人士，以及高校学生不断提供实证数据，使模型日益完善。EBHDL流程模型包含证据收集、编程、设计和评估4个步骤，所有步骤都离不开景观设计师的参与。

哥本哈根大学已将该模型应用于纳卡地亚®疗愈花园和欧拓维亚®健康森林的设计工作中。研究结果表明，这两个设计实践的成果均较为可观，实现了对EBHDL流程模型的初步验证。同时，该模型具备跨学科性、系统性、透明性和动态性的优势，但也存在耗时长、成本高等不足。

关键词

EBHDL流程模型；循证设计；健康设计；人类健康；景观设计；基于自然的解决方案

Abstract 

Urban green space is attributed a significant role in addressing health challenges associated with urbanization. This is supported by evidence confirming that urban green space may both promote health and well-being and support nature-based treatments. Landscape architects who design to improving health outcomes have an important task; but one which also come with responsibilities. This is also noted by the World Health Organization, which states that it is vital to understand how to design green space so that it actually delivers the intended positive health outcomes. In order to deal with this situation, various tools and design guidelines have been developed by them. However, considered from a designer’s perspective, these tools are seldom expedient enough to apply in the design process, and the guidelines are often not as generalizable as supposed.

In the current article, the authors present a process model for Evidence-Based Health Design in Landscape Architecture (EBHDL) and suggest that it may be useful as a means to deliver on stated health outcomes. The model has been developed over the last 15 years by the research group Nature, Health & Design at the University of Copenhagen. During this period, the model has been constantly enhanced via input evidence from researchers, practitioners, and university students. The EBHDL process model consists of four steps, all of which the landscape architect may be responsible for: Evidence collection, Programming, Designing, and Evaluation.

The model has been applied in the design of the University of Copenhagen’s therapy garden, Nacadia®, and health-promoting forest, Octovia®. Based on encouraging results from research projects, the first step towards a validation of the EBHDL process model have now been made. The benefits of the model include the fact that it is interdisciplinary, systematic, transparent, and dynamic. A weakness of the model is that it is time-consuming, and thereby also costly.

Keywords

EBHDL Process Model; Evidence-Based Design; Health Design; Human Health; Landscape Architecture; Nature-Based Solutions

以栖息地修复为导向的湿地公园设计方法——以云南省保山市青华湿地为例

Wetland Park Design for Habitat Restoration—Case Study on The Qinghua Wetland in Baoshan, Yunnan Province

作者：张莉，张杰龙  ZHANG Li, ZHANG Jielong

摘要

湿地公园设计需要保护湿地的生态系统并进行科学修复，但在实践中，湿地修复的相关生态原理经常未能有效表达在设计方案中，导致湿地修复的生态效益——尤其是生物多样性及栖息地效益——并不显著。本文简述了水淹、肥力等影响湿地生态系统的主导因子，梳理了湿地生态系统修复的基本原理，采用了以湿地鸟类作为指示物种的湿地评价方法。基于多年实践，笔者总结了一套以栖息地修复为导向，以水文设计为基础的湿地公园规划设计方法，期望实现生态学基本原理在空间层面的转译，来指导景观设计师实现生态设计的有效落地。此方法包括7个步骤：目标物种选择及目标设定－生境类型设计及空间布局－地形营造－水位设计－植物群落构建－低干预的景观设计－预留让自然做功的空间。文中以云南省保山市青华湿地为例，介绍了在每一个步骤中落实以栖息地修复为导向的生态系统修复设计方法。

关键词

生态修复；湿地修复；栖息地修复；湿地公园设计；生物多样性；鸟类栖息地；青华海国家湿地公园

Abstract 

Wetland park design seeks to protect and restore the wetland ecosystems of sites through scientific approaches. However, in practice, the relevant ecological principles about wetland restoration are often not effectively understood or applied by landscape designers, resulting in compromised ecological benefits after the restoration, especially in biodiversity and habitat benefits. The authors highlighted the main causal factors in wetland—flooding and fertility—and adopted wetland birds as indicator species to simplify the evaluation method. Based on years of practice, the authors summarized a hydrology-based wetland design method for habitat restoration, aiming to translate ecological principles and research findings into design guidelines that can be easily understood and applied by landscape designers to spatial design. This design method includes 7 steps, namely 1) targeted species selection and goal setting; 2) design of habitat types and spatial arrangement; 3) landform design; 4) water level design; 5) plant community building; 6) landscape design with minimal intervention; and 7) spatial design for natural succession. The article then expanded each step using an illustrative design case, the Qinghua Wetland in Baoshan, Yunnan Province.

Keywords

Ecological Restoration; Wetland Restoration; Habitat Restoration; Wetland Park Design; Biodiversity; Bird Habitat; Qinghuahai National Wetland Park

生态还是自然主义：关于当代种植设计的简要回顾和一些思考

Ecological or Naturalistic: A Brief Review and Several Thoughts on Contemporary Planting Design

作者：蔡哲铭  Taro Zheming CAI

摘要

自然是文化产物，同时也是人类文化景观的一种富有象征意义的形式。自然对于景观设计而言至关重要，其不仅对人造环境中的景观设计实践产生了深远影响，也影响了教育学中“景观”的概念。本文基于种植设计及生态设计方法的视角，对美国当代景观设计实践进行了评述。文章回顾了在过去20年间，景观设计领域中部分种植设计师及他们的实践，这些实践者及其作品展示了景观设计专业实践中种植设计和生态观念的变化，以及——最重要的是——这些变化如何影响了当前的生态设计方法、景观美学和公众的景观认知。此外，本文旨在说明随着时间的推移及在不同文化背景下“自然”观念的转变，以及不同的“自然”观念衍生出了多种解决环境问题的方法。通过这种简要回溯，本文希望为审视当代美国景观设计实践与当前的生态议题提供一个批判性角度，以激发有关专业实践未来发展的讨论。

关键词

景观设计；种植设计；生态设计；自然主义设计；景观设计专业实践

Abstract 

Nature is a cultural construct, and a symbolic form to our cultural landscape. It plays a critical role in the profession of Landscape Architecture, shaping both the practice in the constructed environment as well as the conception of landscape in Pedagogy. This article evaluates contemporary landscape architecture practice in the U.S. through the lens of planting design and ecological design approaches. This retrospect situates selected individuals and their practices in the field of landscape architecture in the past two decades, in parallel with the evolving ecological understanding. These individuals and their works demonstrate the changes in planting design and ecological thinking in the professional practice, and most importantly how these changes contribute to current ecological design methodologies, landscape aesthetics, and public perception of landscape. In addition, the article aims to illustrate a shifting conception of Nature over time and in different cultural context, in which different conceptions of Nature facilitate various approaches to addressing environmental issues. By situating in such context, the article hopes to provide a critical view of contemporary American landscape architecture practice and the current ecological agenda, in order to enable discussions regarding the professional practice in the future.

Keywords

Landscape Architecture; Planting Design; Ecological Design; Naturalistic Design; Landscape Architecture Professional Practice

赣江“S湾”活水岸公园：自然驱动的河流景观生态修复实践

The S River Park on the Living Shoreline of the Ganjiang River: A Nature-Based Solution to Ecological Restoration of Riverfront Landscape

作者：张楚晗  ZHANG Chuhan

摘要

河岸是一个地区抵御自然灾害的重要界面，具有显著的生态和景观价值，同时又极具动态性和敏感性。河岸空间规划设计只有遵循自然规律，才可实现人与自然和谐共处、最大限度减轻灾害的目标。

本文以江西省赣江新区儒乐湖新城“‘S湾’活水岸公园”规划为例，通过获取项目所在地不同历史时期的遥感地图与水位数据，分析河流水文特征的变化，并将其与历史上的主要河道整治与开发利用活动进行对应，结合水沙运动规律，初步厘清了场地河流形态的演变过程，进而提出基于自然的设计方案：通过适当的人工干预，利用河流的自然发育规律做功，复育被破坏的河流沙洲栖息地，同时根据场地自然条件划分公园功能区，营造引人入胜的滨水体验。设计方案旨在通过建立新城与赣江季相和水位变化之间的密切关联，使之更具活力与韧性。

关键词

基于自然的解决方案；河流演变；河岸；生态修复；栖息地修复；城市韧性

Abstract 

Possessing significant ecological and landscape values, river shorelines are regarded as a region’s most important interface to resist natural disasters while they are also extremely dynamic and sensitive. Therefore, it is critical to follow the laws of nature in design and planning of river shorelines to achieve the harmonious coexistence of human and nature free of flood catastrophes.

This article takes the S River Park on the Living Shoreline of the Rule Lake New Town, Ganjiang New District, Jiangxi Province as an example of nature-based design approach: First, by examining remote sensing maps and water level data in different historical periods of the site, the design team learnt the evolving hydrological characteristics of the river; Second, the relations between the river’s evolution and major human interventions in history are clarified and sorted; Last but not the least, guided by the nature laws of water erosion and sedimentation, a nature-based design solution was approached—By catalyzing natural processes with appropriate human interventions, it aims at rehabilitating the damaged sandbar habitats through spontaneous remediation of the river, and creating fascinating riverfront experience out of a rational function zoning of the park based on various natural conditions, thus to make the new town more vibrant and resilient by connecting it with the seasonal waterfront landscape driven by the ebb and flow of the river.

Keywords

Nature-Based Solution; River Evolution; Shoreline; Ecological Restoration; Habitat Rehabilitation; Urban Resilience

顺水而为：武汉长江主轴滨水公园

Forged by Floods: Wuhan Yangtze Riverfront Park

作者：迈克尔·格罗福，张韬  Michael GROVE, ZHANG Tao

摘要

中国武汉长江主轴滨水公园项目的演变凸显了全世界众多滨水城市共同面临的复杂问题：城市化、发展、韧性危机和生态退化。这一项目也强调了在解决所有这些经常冲突的问题时，公共空间为何能成为关键的突破口。

通过对16km长的滨水景观的重新规划，武汉正在实现与季节性洪水的共生，并塑造了依托洪水创建公共空间的新范例。这种与自然协作而非对抗的策略让使用者能够了解和欣赏复杂的河流动态。长江主轴滨水公园的规划方案旨在利用自然过程的力量来培育丰富的区域生态、提升生态系统服务、提高公众健康和增加休闲设施。

基于广泛的公众参与过程和众源数据，重新设计的公园保护了沿河分布的象征着武汉工业遗产和城市历史的工业基础设施及其他元素，强化了这座城市的文化身份。升级后的长江主轴滨水公园力求打造一个具有社会包容性、文化特性和生态价值的滨水空间，并展现武汉这座真正与水共生的城市的独特魅力。

关键词

滨水；韧性；适应性再利用；生态；城市洪涝；公众参与

Abstract 

The evolution of the Yangtze Riverfront Park in Wuhan, China highlights what many waterfront cities around the world are facing with respect to converging forces of urbanism, growth, resiliency, and ecological degradation. This site emphasizes why the public realm is a critical component in addressing all of these often-conflicting issues.

By re-envisioning the 16-kilometer-long riverfront landscape, Wuhan is creating a new paradigm for its parks by embracing flooding as a regular occurrence and a driving force in the shaping of its public realm. This strategy of working with Nature and not against it allows visitors to understand and appreciate the river’s complex dynamics. The proposed development of the Yangtze Riverfront Park aims to harness the power of natural processes to nurture a rich regional ecology, improve ecosystem services, and enhance public health and recreational amenities.

Informed by an extensive public engagement process and crowdsourced data, the redesign of the park reinforces Wuhan’s cultural identity by preserving decommissioned industrial infrastructure and other artifacts along the river that symbolize the city’s industrial legacy and urban history. The vision for an updated Yangtze Riverfront Park strives to create a socially inclusive, culturally relevant, and ecologically meaningful waterfront that emphasizes Wuhan’s identity of living authentically with an ever-changing river.

Keywords

Waterfront; Resilience; Adaptive Reuse; Ecology; Urban Flooding; Outreach and Engagement

基于本土主义的设计

Designing by Radical Indigenism

作者：朱莉娅·沃森，艾弗里·罗伯森，费利克斯·德·罗森  Julia WATSON, Avery ROBERTSON, Félix DE ROSEN

摘要

放眼全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）和基于传统生态知识的基础设施（Lo–TEK），其中有众多能够与环境协同共生的基于自然的系统。本文指出，通过将Lo–TEK与高科技系统结合，GIAHS能够为设计师提供一套集经济、生态、文化和技术于一体的创新的工具包，从而帮助提高景观的生产力和韧性。尽管城市发展似乎将不可避免地磨灭其历史、本土性、文化和自然特征，但本文旨在探讨城市化如何成为农业文化遗产迁移和再生的媒介，而非威胁其存在的最大因素。城市发展可以摒弃典型的西方模式，不以同质化的高科技手段来取代本土多样性，转而将本土农业遗产景观——例如那些被纳入GIAHS的景观——拓展为能够应对气候变化的，具备延展性、丰产性和韧性的解决方案与技术措施。这需要人类转变对传统农业及人与自然关系的固有认知—即从凌驾其上走向共生。

关键词

基于自然的技术；全球重要农业文化遗产；基于传统生态知识的基础设施；气候变化；新本土主义

Abstract 

Looking to Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) sites and traditional ecological knowledge-based infrastructures (Lo–TEK), we find nature-based systems that symbiotically work with the environment. This article suggests that by hybridizing Lo–TEK with high-tech systems, the GIAHS sites could offer designers a toolkit towards economically, ecologically, culturally, and technologically innovative systems that can improve productivity and resilience. Whereas urban development results in the erasure of history, identity, culture and nature, this idea explores how urbanization can be an agent for the migration and reapplication of agricultural heritage systems, rather than their greatest threat. Cities can leap-frog the typical Western model of displacing indigenous diversity for homogenous high-tech. Instead, catalyzing localized, agricultural heritage landscapes like those designated as globally important agricultural heritage systems, as scalable, productive and resilient climate change solutions and technologies. It requires a shift in the thinking about traditional agriculture and about the relationship to Nature, from superior to symbiotic.

Keywords

Nature-Based Technology; GIAHS; Lo–TEK; Climate Change; Radical Indigenism

以大众为主体的气候变化适应性多视角制图

Multiperspectival Cartographies for Democratic Climate Adaptation

作者：纳欣·玛塔妮，托马斯·霍尔德内斯  Nashin MAHTANI, Tomas HOLDERNESS

摘要

印度尼西亚雅加达市每年都会经历河水泛滥、城市内涝和沿海洪水。愈发变化多端的气候条件使市民频频面临极端气候事件的威胁。尽管人们对于实时传导数据的应用热情高涨，但如果缺乏精心设计的数据整合平台，那么这些数据将毫无意义。印度尼西亚灾害地图（PetaBencana.id）是一个免费的在线平台，可供居民和应急管理人员实时绘制洪水地图。而后，公众、政府和企业可利用平台所提供的地图来制定相应的洪水响应决策。虽然项目的初衷仅是收集实证信息来模拟洪水状况，但制图、交叉验证，以及为居民和政府提供洪水信息等过程本身俨然已成为一种有助于减轻洪水影响的数字元基础设施。来自居民的报告体现了洪水期间的地面实况，能够用于校准卫星等其他传感器平台生成的地图。本文演示了如何从这一洪水地图促生一种能从多结构角度和多尺度协同绘制城市动态变化的方法，从而拓展城市基础设施的管理方式与范围，提升其极端事件应急能力。

关键词

洪水；气候；基础设施；适应；印度尼西亚灾害地图

Abstract

Jakarta in Indonesia experiences annual fluvial, pluvial, and coastal flooding. As weather patterns become increasingly unpredictable residents regularly face extreme weather events. While the proliferation of data has been enthusiastically adopted to transform real-time response, data is meaningless without designed platforms of considered assembly. PetaBencana.id (Disaster Map Indonesia) is a free online platform that enables residents and emergency managers to map flooding in real-time. The map is used by the public, government, and business to enhance decision-making in response to flooding. Contrary to the project’s initial aim of collecting empirical information to model flood conditions, the work of mapping, cross-validating, and disseminating flood information for residents and government has become in itself a form of digital meta-infrastructure that helps mitigate the impact of flooding. Resident reports are now the de-facto ground truth for flood information, and are used to calibrate other sensor-platforms (e.g., satellite imagery). This essay reflects on how the map developed a methodology for collaboratively mapping the dynamic fluctuations of the city from multiple textural perspectives and at multiple scales, thereby diversifying the means and scope of participation in urban infrastructure and its response to extreme events.

Keywords

Flood; Climate; Infrastructure; Adaptation; PetaBencana.id