小林弘一:美国斯加普规划及设计的宜居策略
SED新西林景观国际再添新成员企业:美国斯加普规划及设计有限公司上海分公司,主要负责城市环境规划设计领域的工作。近日景观中国记者采访了美国斯加普规划及设计有限公司的执行总经理小林弘一先生。
美国斯加普规划及设计有限公司执行总经理小林弘一(Koichi Kobayashi)先生
小林弘一(Koichi Kobayashi)1968年毕业于日本京都大学园林景观专业,1972年荣获美国加州大学伯克莱分校园林景观硕士学位。在他50余年的规划设计职业生涯中,先后服务于美国、迪拜与中国等国际一流的规划设计公司,涉及城市规划设计、教育规划与景观设计、公园规划设计等领域,有着丰富的景观规划设计经验。与此同时,他在半个世纪中孜孜不倦地教授于日本京都大学、美国华盛顿大学、俄国俄亥俄州立大学等一流的国际高校,为景观规划设计的行业发展做出了重要贡献。
“对于我来说,城市规划师、城市设计师、景观设计师以及景观设计学教育者,这些不同身份都不过是致力于环境保护和改善的同一个职业罢了。”小林先生说,“就好像对于可持续城市我们可以用很多不同的名字来称呼它,比如高环境质量城市、零排放城市、低碳城市等等。但在小林弘一先生看来,这些不同的称谓都意味着城市应当使人与自然和平相处,并且具备便捷的自然、人文、历史和社会设施,安全方便,同时能够为人们提供足够的营养和食物。”
作为斯加普规划及设计有限公司的执行总经理,小林弘一先生表示,斯加普拥有一支知识技能全面、经验丰富的团队,他们在实践中以将科技和美学完美结合为目标,并且关注生态和可持续发展。斯加普也将通过更多的项目合作、员工交流和教育培训来加强其上海、深圳、西雅图各分部之间的联系,至于斯加普的工作重心则将依据各地的市场状况而定。
景观中国:您为何会在从京都大学毕业后选择到美国的加州大学柏克莱分校继续学习,日本和美国的景观设计教育有何差异?
小林弘一:我选择到加州大学伯克利分校学习并非因为美国和日本教育模式上的差异,而是我移民美国后不得不去学习这个国家的文化和风土人情。尽管如此,但这二者确实因美国和日本两个国家之间的差异而不同。撇开教育模式的差异不谈,我认为年轻人需要具备和培养的最基本的品质之一就是懂得倾听别人的想法,包括客户、同事和使用者等等,并且具备被人们所喜爱的完整人格。没有良好深入的沟通,任何项目都是无法完成的。
景观中国:如果要总结一下,您认为您的职业生涯可以分为哪些重要阶段?
小林弘一:我在规划和设计的艺术成就与我高中和大学时期在日本京都的日式花园中所受到的长期熏陶息息相关。我的设计作品无论尺度大小,都遵从了简洁、多样、空间层次感强的原则,这在我的小型私人花园设计和大型城市开放空间设计中都有体现,如90号洲际公路西雅图段的景观设计。这个占地300英亩的90号洲际公路总体景观设计项目,成功为之前被高速公路割裂的邻里空间注入了其所急需的绿色缓冲带,创新地将环境可持续性作为项目设计和预备维护工程中日益增长的计算机技术应用的整体框架。该项目于1997年获得美国总统杰出设计奖。
园林设计是我们景观设计专业的核心。这也是我和这个领域始终维持紧密联系的原因之一。长期以来我致力于培养自己在规划、建筑设计、景观设计、工程设计和项目管理中的多学科掌控能力,怀揣着将人们对环境的满意度与视觉和绿色开放空间的数量和质量联系起来的美好愿景,并一直以此为工作重心。
景观中国:斯加普的设计师来自美国、日本等地,他们如何消除文化上的隔阂在城市规划和设计中有效合作?
小林弘一:斯加普将继续贯彻促进持有不同文化价值观的员工相互理解、在相互尊重对方价值观的基础上进行景观设计实践的原则。我曾参与过一系列跨文化的、尺度各异的项目。比如坐落于芝加哥杰克逊公园中的湖岸的大阪花园的修复工程,它将这个由芝加哥和日本大阪合作建设百年日式花园带到了全新的境界。该项目的成功使得杰克逊公园南端获得了新生。还有日本兵库县三田华盛顿村,它是一个场地规划和景观设计项目,目的是在日本的三田市开发建设一个西式的居住和休闲空间。其设计和居住规划在太平洋两岸获得了诸多奖项和广泛的肯定。该项目得到了美国华盛顿州和日本兵库县政府的支持。通过参与这些项目,我认识到目前在美国和日本规划和景观设计都是为了追求独立发展和成熟的社会民主。
景观中国:在您看来中国的城市规划设计面临着哪些挑战,规划和设计如何才能使城市更加宜居?
小林弘一:我认为在美国和日本的经验中,最有益于中国的一条就是要具备灵活的态度和能力以适应不断变化的社会和世界。美国带领世界开始了现代城市建设的浪潮, 20年后日本随之踏上了现代城市建设的进程,而中国也在日本20年后开始了建设现代城市。在此过程中美国和日本在城市规划和设计中进行了多项创新,同时也犯了一系列的错误。目前,随着对外开放中国能够自由地从世界及时得到各种资源。但是规划和设计的决策应该依据对现有案例透彻的理解,而不能仅仅参考其肤浅的表面特征。我希望中国的规划和景观设计职业能够成为将专家和学者的研究成果落实到实际项目中的媒介。
在我毕生的研究和专业兴趣中有两点非常重要,一个是自然和建成环境的视觉组成研究和应用,一个是绿色开放空间的建造,这两点有助于我们规划和建设最宜居的环境。这二者特别强调的是,首先要将理论性的方法和过程应用到真实的生活环境中,并将其过程、原则、指标和其他需要整合的条件纳入现代的规则条例中来;再者就是要将视觉和绿色开放空间的范畴整合成为一个整体。
在我对绿色开放空间和视觉环境的研究过程中有三个主要假设。
首先,绿色开放空间(包括质量和数量)对于环境(邻里空间、城市、区域、国家以至更大尺度的环境)质量有决定性的影响。例如,西雅图被评定为美国最适宜居住的城市之一已经有一段时间了。那么西雅图的绿色开放空间于此有何影响?我们将尝试找出影响绿色开放空间的因子,建立可量化的参数,并找出/构建规划框架以及步骤,从而将这些因子整合到现有的和未来的控制性程序和需求中来。
第二,视觉环境在我们生活环境中具有重要地位,并且它们同样能够被整合到控制性程序和要求中来,从而我们可以塑造和控制我们的视觉环境。我们可以采用的方法之一是建立一套方法以明确质量和数量因子之间的联系。部分可量化的因子可通过这种方法进行测定,包括建筑容积率、土地覆盖率、土地使用密度,土地渗透性等。我们将对如何将人们的环境满意度与视觉和绿色开放空间的数量和质量联系起来进行研究。
第三个假设是绿色开放空间和环境的视觉组成部分之间存在紧密的联系,并且它们也能够被整合到规划/设计的过程和控制性程序和要求中。环境的范围包括小的邻里单位、城市、省/自治区、区域,甚至国家和全球的各种尺度。我们将对自然和建成环境的可持续性、保护、修复和质量,以及视觉和绿色开放空间的质量因素进行研究和处理。
我们将采用环境学分析、场地分析和视觉分析等环境分析方法对此进行研究,研究范围将包含景观设计、城市设计、社区设计和区域设计。
美国斯加普
美国斯加普规划及设计有限公司,其前身是著名日裔美籍景观设计师KOICHI KOBAYASHI先生于1989年在美国创立的K&A。公司发展至今20余年,目前已经发展成为集环境与城市规划设计、建筑设计、景观设计与一体的综合性跨国公司。在上海成立SKUP将更好服务于亚太地区业务需要,与美国和日本的合作机构持续交流最先进的环境规划理念和经验,并与相关行业的多家知家海外企业紧密合作,以能优势互补,为甲方提供高水准的专业服务。目前,上海SKUP已成为国内知名设计公司SED新西林景观国际的成员企业,主要负责城市环境规划设计领域的工作。
SKUP在设计中尤其关注地域文化的延续及生态环境的可持续性发展,对城市规划、生态保护发展提出独到的见解。目前为止,已完成项目遍及美国、日本、迪拜、加拿大、澳洲、新西兰、中国、香港等地,有着较全面的国际设计经验。
SKUP的核心技术来自美国、日本等不同专业背景及拥有丰富国际经验的环境与城市规划师、建筑师、和研究人员组成,并始终保持与国内外拥有显著声誉的学术机构密切合作。SKUP进入中国后结合本土设计经验并与国内知名设计企业形成长期战略合作伙伴,开始为高速发展的中国全面提供国际领先的景观、规划、建筑、旅游和生态策略的设计服务。
附英文原稿:
SED Group has a new member now: SKUP International, Shanghai Office, which focus on environmental and urban planning services. LANDSCAPE.CN talked with Koichi Kobayashi, the Executive General Manager of SKUP International recently.
Koichi Kobayashi’s past employment has covered a diverse field of planning and landscape architecture: new town, mixed use development, education, and public service, private offices in architecture and landscape architecture and urban design.
“To me, urban planner, urban designer, landscape architect and landscape architecture educator, all these titles are by definition in the same profession caring for preservation and enhancement of the environment. Just like we have been utilizing a variety of names for a sustainable city, the names may include high environmental quality city, zero emission city, low carbon city and others, but in my view they are all striving toward a creation of a city which offers living with nature and having a high natural, cultural, historical and societal amenities, safety and convenience while being capable of sustenance.” Koichi Kobayashi told me during our talking.
He also told me that to follow the environmental design concept of “integrating science and aesthetics, showing concern to ecology and sustainable development”, SKUP recruits and maintains well rounded and experienced staff members who practice with a goal of integrating science and aesthetics, showing concern to ecology and sustainable development. And since they have offices in Shanghai, Shenzhen and Seattle, they will try to strengthen ties among the offices through more project collaboration, staff exchange and staff education and training. And SKUP will decide their focus basing on location of market for our profession.
LANDSCAPE.CN: Why did you choose to study in University of California, Berkeley after you graduated from Kyoto University, What was the difference of education systems of landscape architecture between USA and Japan?
It was not the difference of educational system that I went to University of California, but a necessity to learn the culture and people of my adopted country. It was not the difference in educational system that I decided to study there but difference is in the difference of the country of USA and Japan. Anyway, some of the basic qualities I would like young people to have and nurture is the ability to listen well to audiences including clients, colleagues, users etc., and to be a holistic person to be liked by people around. Any project could not be accomplished without good and thorough communication.
LANDSCAPE.CN: How would you like to divide your former career into different phases?
The strength of the art of my planning and design is anchored to long and deep immersion in the Japanese gardens of Kyoto, Japan during my high school and college days. My design work, be it large or small, is guided by simplicity, variation, depth, and sense of space as exhibited in small residential garden design as well as design for a large urban open space as in the Interstate Ninety: Seattle Landscape Project . The 300 acre I- 90 Master Landscape Design project, succeeded in installing green respite in much needed neighborhood, long bisected by previous highway, pioneered the concept of the environmental sustainability as project’s overall framework in design and use of emerging computer technology in preparing maintenance program. The project was given American President’s Design Excellence Award in 1997. Art of garden design is a core of our landscape architectural profession. This is one of the reasons I maintain a strong connection with this field. I have been trying to create a multi-disciplinary capability in planning, architecture, landscape architecture, engineering and project management in myself for a long time. I have been holding this vision of establishing linkage between human satisfaction of the environment and quantitative and qualitative aspect of the visual and green open space and making it a backbone of my work.
LANDSCAPE.CN: The professional design team of SKUP is consisted of people from different countries with different culture background, how does SKUP lead this team corporately working on each project with common company values?
KOICHI KOBAYASHI: We shall maintain a policy of understanding of different cultural values held by individual staff members and of practicing profession with respect of these varying values. I have been involved in a number of cross cultural projects in a variety of scale. Osaka Garden at Chicago’s Jackson Park along the lake shoreline restored as well as new stage for this 100 year old Japanese Garden supported by the City of Chicago and Osaka, Japan. This project’s success prompted a rebirth of the south end of the Jackson Park. Washington Village is the project in site planning as well as landscape design to develop a western style housing and recreational space in the City of Sanda, Japan. Project has received a number of award and citation from both sides of the Pacific in design and community planning. This project has been supported by the state of Washington, USA and Government of Hyogo, Japan. Through these experiences, I have learned that social value of planning and landscape architecture in USA and Japan have come to a present position with respective growth and maturity of democratic society.
LANDSCAPE.CN: What are the challenges that Chinese cities are facing in your eyes, and what has SKUP prepared to help dealing with these challenges?
KOICHI KOBAYASHI: I think one of the precious experiences most beneficial to China from USA and Japan is to acquire an attitude of flexibility and ability to adjust to changing society and the world. USA led the world in modern urban development, followed by Japanese some twenty years later, now china has been following up Japan twenty years after as well. USA and Japan made a number of innovations in urban planning and design and also a series of mistakes and misjudgments. Now with the opening of Chinese access to the world, china could get all kind of resources freely from the world in time. Decisions on planning and design should be based on thorough understanding on precedents and not on superficial references. I am hoping Chinese planning and landscape architecture profession will be developing practical application of results from research works to be performed by professionals and academics. Two of my life long research and professional interest have been on study and application of visual component of the natural and built environment and on preservation and creation of green open space so that we could plan and develop the most livable environment. Specific focus in these areas is first to apply theoretical method and process to real life situation and develop process, index, indicators, criteria and others to be integrated into modern regulatory processes and requirements and second to integrate these two fields of visual and green open space into holistic one.
There are three major hypotheses in carrying out my research related to green open space and visual environment.
The first is that green opens space (both in qualitative and quantitative) plays major role in determining quality of environment (neighborhood, city, region and nation and above) we live in. For example, the city of Seattle has been rated as one of the most livable cities in the United States of America for some time. What role is green open space of Seattle contributing to this? We could attempt to identify elements contributing to green open space, establish measurable parameters and identify/develop planning frame work and process so that they could be incorporated into existing and future regulatory process and requirements.
The second hypothesis is that the visual environment occupies an important aspect of our living environment and that they also could be integrated into regulatory process and requirements so that we could shape and control our visual environment. One of the approaches that could be taken is to establish method to identify linkages between qualitative and quantity elements. Some of the measurable elements including building floor ratio, land coverage, land use density, land permeability could be tested in this. Establishing linkage between human satisfaction of the environment and quantitative and qualitative aspect of the visual and green open space will be explored. Method for analyzing environment covers environmental analysis, site analysis and visual analysis.
The third hypothesis is that there exists a close relationship between green open space and visual component of the environment and that they could be integrated together into planning/design process and regulatory processes and requirements. Areas of environment could encompass from a small neighborhood unit to city, state/prefecture, regional, nationwide and global. Sustainability, preservation, restoration and improvement of the natural as well as built environment will be explored and dealt with.
Qualitative aspect of the visual and green open space will be explored. Method for analyzing environment covers environmental analysis, site analysis and visual analysis.
Sphere of this research will encompass landscape design, urban design, community design and regional design.
SKUP International (SKUP Planning and Design Consultancy Co.)
SKUP Planning and Design Consultancy Co., Ltd. was originated from the former Kobayashi & Associates Inc. which was based in USA and was founded by the famous Japanese American landscape architect Koichi Kobayashi in 1989. Since its establishment more than 20 years ago, SKUP has currently developed into an international company providing integrated services including environmental and urban planning, architectural design and landscape design. By setting up its office in Shanghai, SKUP will be able to provide better service to the Asia Pacific countries. Meanwhile, SKUP keeps on exchanging the most advanced environmental planning concept and experience with the American and Japanese cooperative institutions. We maintain a number of reputable overseas firms with special expertise as our resource companies. SKUP was now a member company of the SED landscape architects group.
SKUP focuses on the incorporation of regional culture and ecological sustainability in its design, and has proposed unique ideas on urban planning and ecological preservation. Up till now, SKUP and its staff have completed projects in USA, Japan, Dubai, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, China and Hong Kong.
The professional design team of SKUP is consisted of environmental and urban planners, architects and researchers from USA, Japan and other countries who are provided with different specialties and have extensive experience in various projects worldwide. SKUP has maintained close cooperation relationship with Chinese and foreign reputable academic institutions. Up till now, SKUP has established permanent strategic partnership with some renowned local enterprise after it launches its business in China and has started to provide integrated services for the rapidly-developing China in areas including landscape design, urban planning, architectural design, tourism and ecological strategy.
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