麦克•米切尔:为生活而设计
采访地点:北京 MCM集团办公室
采访时间:2010年6月
被采访人:麦克•米切尔 Michael C.Mitchell(MCM总裁兼首席执行官)
采访记者:杨江妮,卢继贤
翻 译:张保利,李艳君
Michael C.Mitchell(麦克•米切尔) 是在国际游乐胜地设计,景区设计,及休闲服务设计领域里享誉世界的设计顾问,曾是联合国环境宣言起草人。在其35年的职业生涯里,他成功地为59个国家超过2000个项目做出了杰出的贡献。米切尔先生曾担任洛杉矶奥运会资深副总裁,负责该届奥运会的竞赛活动规划和经济支持统筹,同时也负责监督五十六个奥林匹克场馆的规划及建筑部门的统筹安排,这是米切尔先生最知名的成功事例。米切尔先生还在其它六届奥林匹克盛会、四届世界博览会中担任过资深 规划顾问,并与全球许多大规模的休闲、游乐和地产开发公司以及国家或市政府展开过大型项目的合作。他主要为如下项目设施提供可行性分析和规划设计-商业景点(主题公园和特色景点);公共景点(世界展览,奥运会,博物馆, 广场);旅游设施(酒店,度假胜地,温泉疗养胜地,体育中心);以及地产开发(生活休闲中心,综合用途项目和城市开发项目)。
记者:MCM具有处理国际大型项目的丰富经验,参与了七届奥运会、四届友好运动会、五项世界体育锦标赛、四次世界博览会、十一次展览会等项目,MCM在处理这样的国际大型项目的方法上有哪些丰富的经验要和大家分享?而MCM最大的优势是什么?
麦克•米切尔先生:有效地规划要求我们将国际大型项目看作一个系统,这个系统由场地、安全、交通、食品供给等等方面的问题组成,就像汽车由很多零部件组成一样,这些零件朝着一个目标协同工作。MCM已有处理国际大型项目规划设计及建筑服务的实战经验,所以我们会从实际操作的层面出发。我们懂得如何规划以使这些国际大型项目以最高的国际水准运作。
在大型项目上我们运用的一个重要手段是“假想表格”。据我们的经验,大多数人在处理大型复杂项目时都会先专注于不同的构成部分再逐渐整合成整体的解决方案。如此处理复杂项目是非常没有效率的,因为整体目标的完美实现并非依赖于独立部分的最大化。这就犹如让一群人分组去创造一个人,由不同组来分别培养心脏、肺、大脑等器官。没有充分知晓人体系统工作原理的情况下,他们创造出的只会是一个死体。以此类推,做大型项目也是如此。因此,想要创作一个真正高效的项目应该由上述讨论的结果出发,反方向运作——首先将项目整体作为一个系统分析透彻,然后依据各个部分在系统中的功能分别进行设计。我们着手一个项目时,会让每个人填写“假想表格”。这样你会发现每个人对所面临的问题会有不同的理解。这个过程能迅速化解矛盾,统一观点。在一个项目中我们针对每个问题都运用这种方法,像在奥林匹克运动会那样大型项目中会有超过100团队运作。通过规划我们将一个项目分解为各个可操作的单元,然后以“假想表格”作为基本的规划方法来进行现场实施规划。
我们的主要经验就是规划设计要从大局和整体目标出发渐次深入到设施设计,而不是由部分上升到整体。比如,我们从来不从场地规划开始规划一个项目并决定场地上要建设的最佳设施类型。首先我们会尝试弄清什么是能为场地创造最高价值的最佳活动、体验和设施方案,此后才会开始依此方案进行场地设计。
记者:MCM与南京市针对2014年第二届夏季青年奥林匹克运动会筹备方面进行合作交流,请您简要介绍这次合作的进展情况。您认为MCM对这个项目的独特见解有哪些?
麦克•米切尔先生:南京是中国最重要的城市之一,而青年奥林匹克运动会将为之带来一次向世界展示“南京不止是伟大的中国城市,同时也是很重要的国际城市”的机会。我们给组委会带来了为国际盛事进行规划的悠久历史,希望能够帮助他们创造一次非常成功的盛事。目前我们正在讨论几种协助他们的方式。
我们的经验使得我们能够在以下方面协助组委会:第一,如上所述,我们知道如何有效组织大型复杂事件(比如南京将要举行的青奥会)的规划。作为组委会高级顾问,我们能给组委会提供节省资金和时间的规划方法。其他专业方面包括特定场址规划——协助他们设计新的运动设施或者成功改造现有建筑作为临时设施为青奥会所用。如果精心设计的混合功能的设施能够长期为社区充分使用,我们便没有必要建造一座崭新的单一用途的运动设施。此外,我们能够在可持续建筑、绿色社区规划、组织性策略和如何整合大型活动的运作与赛事队硬件设施的要求等方面为组委会提供培训。
最终我们的任务就是帮助组委会在南京呈现一场世界级的盛会。我们将为组委会提供咨询服务、设计服务、培训课程、和操作指南等任何组委会取得成功所必要的协助。
记者:您是如何在有限的时间里将多专业领域的人才整合成一个成功的团队面对一个大型项目的挑战?
麦克•米切尔先生:这是一个很好的问题。其实只有屈指可数的一些人能够真正上去应对大型国际盛会,所以关键不是寻找专业技术人员,而是组织一个管理体系让30到40岁年龄段间的年轻专业人士充分发挥他们的才能。组织体系是使大型项目成功的关键。
成功的大型案例是职业生涯的良好起点。重大事件往往会引起人们的高度关注,因此参与此项目的人们及核心管理人员常常被大公司所追寻。通常有五类人群参与到这种活动中来:专业顾问、有抱负的年轻专业人士、大公司的借贷负责人、供应商(像电脑供应商、软件供应商、会计师事务所等)和近期大学毕业生。主要活动的实际操作过程当中还需要一批自愿者骨干队伍的协助。
MCM公司则属于专业顾问。很多年轻的专业人士相信自己能在主要事件中学习到很多东西从而改进他们的工作简历,通常他们是最大的员工群体;公司借贷行政如果能够胜任与其背景相关的职位还是很有用的,比如食品供应、安全、交通运输等背景。最后,还需要大量的辅助人员,他们则通常是22-29岁近期毕业的大学生。
当你需要上千的人员短时间内执行一项复杂任务时,你需要给出一个清晰的前景,一个牢固的组织框架和人们能够很快学会并运用的方法。由于已经在此类环境中多次作业,所以我们已经制定了一套可遵循的程序和策略。
记者:您是否关注了中国上海正在举行的世博会?根据您的经验,您认为上海世博会对中国城市有哪些影响?
麦克•米切尔先生:我将于7月份的第一周前往上海参观世博会。对此我非常期待。世博会对特定的技术或者设计理念的影响并不大,其影响在于如此大的国际盛事给予一个城市的信心和声誉。成功举办世博会需要强大的领导力和前瞻性的视野,正如引导城市走向未来所需要的一样。传承自上海世博会的将无关建筑,而是它给予中国人民敢于取得伟大成就的信心。
毋庸置疑,此届世博会对中国乃至世界都非常重要。它传递了一个有力而清楚的信息:环境对于我们所引领的生活质量有着重要影响。我们必须寻找可持续建设的途径以及通过低碳的方法长期维持我们生活质量的方法。对于此,不同国家有其各自一套独特的解决方案,然而综合了这些方法的上海世博会作为如何建设我们未来的城市榜样,为所有的人类提供了至关重要的服务。
这不仅是给上海和参与其中的7千万游客很好的一课,并且还以生动的实验形式证明了只要我们下定决心,就能解决我们的问题。
记者:上海世博会提出:“城市让生活更美好”,而MCM提出的是“为生活而设计”,能否为我们诠释一下这个看似简单,却是很高要求的标准?
麦克•米切尔先生:为生活而设计是个非常复杂的概念。它涉及到在处理项目时三个层面上的思考。第一个层面是设计经济可行的项目。财富是一个公司或者团体的命脉,它使我们文明的产生成为可能。第二个层面是要从用户的角度来审视建设或发展的需求。如果我生活或工作在这里我会感觉怎么样?我们的工作是为人们设计空间,而不是为车、某种观点或者建筑学立场做设计。第三个层面是该项目是否可持续。设计是否限制了能量和水的使用,对土地的负面影响最小?最近,我们在探索实际上能够为环境带来积极影响的发展模式。为生活而设计要求我们在一个成功的项目中整合这三个层面的内容。
记者:MCM很早就开始在世界范围内开展项目,而对于中国市场,在众多进入中国内地的境外设计公司中,MCM相对来说是比较晚的,这其中有何原因?在中国的这两年时间里,发展成就有哪些?
麦克•米切尔先生:我们最早在中国做项目是1988年,但当时我们没有找到在中国长期开展业务的合适机会。2000年我们重返中国并于2005年开展全职运营。这段时期我们设计了73个项目。
记者:MCM的设计始终贯穿着“可持续发展”的设计理念,根据您对中国的了解和认识,您认为中国进行可持续发展城市建设面临的问题有哪些?您有何建议?
麦克•米切尔先生:中国建设可持续城市面临着三个挑战。第一个挑战是随着中国日益增长的发展经济,个人能耗增加,而这些能量目前大多都来自煤炭。中国需要大幅度提高其能源利用效率并使用可替代能源才能使其温室气体水平保持不变,更不用说减少温室气体了。第二,中国不应该犯美国以及工业化的西方犯过的错误——城市建设导致了对汽车的依赖,城市应该以人为中心来进行设计,而不是汽车。第三,中国依赖混凝土作为主要建筑材料,而混凝土在生产过程中会产生大量的温室气体。中国需要采取更有效的建筑策略。
记者:您曾经说过,解决环境问题不是技术层面的问题,而是社会和政治层面的问题。您有没有试图用您所拥有的理念去影响决策者意志或者民众认识的经历?
麦克•米切尔先生:我们当然拥有解决环境问题的技术手段和知识。问题是让人们认真考虑出他们所想要达到的目标。中国有很多显著的优势,但它有个弱点就是政府只给建筑设计公司短短几周去规划设计一个项目。短短几周对于画一幅漂亮的图画是足够了,但合理地进行规划需要花上几个月时间——进行合理的能源设计使建筑节能高效,合理的水回收系统,对不同设计方案的环境影响进行评价——所有的这些都需要时间,但是中国的开发项目却很少花费必要的时间去评估所有这些顾虑。而且,不幸是中国有很多建筑设计公司没有受过必要的训练去完成这些所有的必要步骤。
记者:作为MCM国际集团的创始人和首席执行官,您对MCM现在取得的成绩如何评价?
麦克•米切尔先生:MCM在59个国家完成了超过2000个项目。我们在世界各地有过很多重要项目的实践机会。但我希望我们能在中国创造进一步成就。接下来的25年中国的建设量将相当于与美国规模的一个国家。MCM愿意帮助中国发展是宜居、可持续和尽善尽美的生活环境。
记者:请您谈谈MCM下一步在中国的发展战略。
麦克•米切尔先生:我们了解如何规划大型复杂项目,正如中国各地新城区里正在变化的;我们了解如何改善生活方式和休闲设施以丰富城市的文化和享受;我们了解如何规划设计可持续性设施;而且我们了解如何使项目经济适用。在未来的二十年里,我们相信这些优势能够帮助中国建设取得伟大的成就。
Interviewer:As we know that MCM have worked on many large-scale projects for international or national events across the world, including 7 Olympic Games, 4 Goodwill Games, 5 World Sports Championships, 4 World EXPOs, and several exhibitions. What is the most valuable experience from these projects? And what is the advantage of MCM design?
Michael C. Mitchell:In order to plan efficiently requires that you view large international projects as one system, like a car, with many parts but everything must work towards one goal – the venue, security, transportation, food service, and the like. The advantage MCM has in planning and in providing architectural services is that we have actually managed large international events so we address the planning from an operational point of view. We understand how to plan to make them operate at the highest international standard.
One of the most important tools we’ve used on large projects is what we call “Assumption Sheets.” It’s been our experience that most people work on large, complex projects by focusing on specific elements and they then build piece by piece towards the whole. This is a highly inefficient way to manage complex projects because the overall goals of the project may not be best served by maximizing the individual parts. It would be like telling a group of people to create a human body with different teams working on the heart, lungs, brain, etc. Without fully understanding how the whole body operates as a system, the team would build a very inefficient human. The same is true of any large project. To create a truly efficient project, you need to start from the opposite end – understanding the whole as a system first and then designing each element in relationship to how it works in the system. We start this process by having everyone on a large project fill-out “Assumption Sheets.” What you find in doing this is that people have very different ideas about what they thought was going on. This process quickly calls out the inconsistencies and helps align everyone with the same vision. We do this with each element in a project – with large projects like an Olympics having over 100 different operating groups. Then the planning process breaks the project into an operating unit and begins using the assumption sheets as the base planning point to plan the operating venue.
The main lesson to draw from this is planning and design should begin from the big picture and goals down to the facility design and not from the elements up. For example we never start our planning from a site plan and determine what type of facility will physically work best on the site. We first try to understand what are the best activities, experiences and facility program that will give the site the most value, and only then begin to design with that program for the site.
Interviewer:Recently, MCM and Nanjing government have met and discussed the collaboration of the preparation for the 2nd YOG (Youth Olympic Games) which will be held by Nanjing 2014, so, could you tell us how is everything going with this collaboration? And what special ideas would MCM put forward to do with this project?
Michael C. Mitchell:Nanjing is one of China’s most important cities and the Youth Olympic Games will give them an opportunity to demonstrate to the world that they are not only a great Chinese city, but an important international city as well. We bring to the Organizing Committee a long history in planning international events and hope to help them to produce a highly successful event. We are currently discussing several different ways we can assist them.
Our experience suggests several ways that we may be able to help the Committee. First, as discussed above, we understand how to efficiently organize the planning of large complex events such as the one they are going to host. Serving as a senior consultant could provide the Committee with planning tools that could save it money and time in the development of the project. Other areas of expertise include specific venue planning – helping design new athletic facilities or help address how to successfully convert existing structures into temporary use venues for the Games. There is no need to simply build new single purpose athletic facilities when well-designed multi-purpose facilities can have a much fuller use for the community in the long-term. Additionally we can provide sophisticated training services to the Committee on areas such as sustainable architecture, green community planning, organizational strategies, and how to integrate the operating side of a large event with the physical requirements of the Games.
In the end our task is to help the Committee deliver a world-class event in Nanjing. We will supply consulting services, training programs, design services, operation manuals, whatever the Committee feels it requires to succeed.
Interviewer:It is never easy to build up a team with experts from different disciplines to take the challenges of big event projects such as EXPO or Olympic Games in a short time. How do you deal with this?
Michael C. Mitchell:This is an excellent question. There are only a handful of people that have actually managed large international events so the trick is not in finding experts, but in creating a management system where bright young professionals in their 30’s – 40’s can flourish. The organizing system is the key to making large projects successful.
Large successful events are great launching pads for careers. Large events draw a great deal of attention and as such the people that work on them and that play key management roles are often sought after by large firms. There are normally five categories of people that work on major events: professional consultants; young aggressive professionals; managers on loan from large companies; vendor staff (like computer vendor staff, software vendor staff, accounting firms, etc.) and recent college graduates. Major events also rely upon a cadre of volunteers to help during the actual operations of the event.
Firms like MCM fit into the consultant category. Many young professionals believe that they can both learn a great deal and improve their resume working on a major event so they normally form the largest staffing group; executives on loan from companies are useful if they can fill positions that resemble their backgrounds – for example in food service, security, transportation, etc. Finally large numbers of support staff are required which are usually filled by 22 – 29 year old recent college graduates.
When you pull a thousand or more individuals together in a very short time to perform a complex task, you need to provide a clear vision, a strong organizational structure and very good methodologies that people can learn quickly and follow. Because we have worked in several of these environments, we have developed a set of procedures and strategies to follow.
Interviewer:Have you visited Shanghai EXPO yet? Due to your experience engaged in planning and design for EXPOs, how would Shanghai EXPO influences Chinese cities in the future?
Michael C. Mitchell:I’m going to the Shanghai Expo the first week of July. I very much look forward to it. The impact of Expo’s is not so much in a specific technology or design idea, but in the confidence and prestige an international Expo gives a city. It takes leadership and vision to successful open an Expo, the very same qualities it takes to lead a city into the future. The lasting legacy of the Shanghai Expo will not be in buildings, but in the confidence it gives the Chinese people that they can dare to achieve greatness.
But without question the focus of this Expo is of particular importance to China and the world. It is sending a very loud and clear message that our environment matters a great deal to the quality of life we lead and that we must find ways to build sustainably and with low-carbon approaches to maintain our living quality over the long term. Various countries approach this issue from their own set of unique solutions, but taken together the Shanghai Expo is providing a vital service to all of mankind, as a leading example of the way we should be building our future cities.
This represents not only a great lesson for Shanghai itself, and for the 70 million visitors that will visit and enjoy the Expo, but it also serves as a living experiment that demonstrates that we can solve our problems if we put our minds to it.
Interviewer:The thesis of Shanghai EXPO is “Better City, Better Life”, while MCM values the idea “Design for Life”. I think it seems simple but requires very high standards, could you explain this idea for us?
Michael C. Mitchell:Designing for Life is a very complex concept. It involves three layers of thinking when approaching a project. The first is designing an economically feasible project. The lifeblood of a corporation or a society is wealth which makes our civilization possible. The second layer is that a building or a development needs to be viewed from the user’s perspective. How would I feel if I live here or work there? Our job is to design spaces for people, not for cars or viewpoints or architectural statements. The third layer is whether the project is sustainable. Does the design limit the use of energy and water and have the least negative impact on the land. Recently we have been exploring developments that actually create a positive environmental impact. In order to Design for Life, you must integrate all three layers into a successful project.
Interviewer:Your company has been engaged in projects worldwide long time ago, but it is new in China comparing with other oversea landscape design firms, that’s why? And what achievements have MCM acquired in China during the last 2 years?
Michael C. Mitchell:Our earliest work in China was in 1988, but at that time we did not find the right opportunity for long-term services. We returned in 2000 and opened full-time operations in China in 2005. Over this period we have worked on 73 projects.
Interviewer:MCM is a firm that dedicate to “optimal environments”, and your design solutions are always environmental sustainable. According to you know stuffs about China, what are challenges for China to build sustainable cities? What suggests would you give us?
Michael C. Mitchell:China has three challenges to building sustainable cities. The first challenge is that as China continues to increase its economic development, individuals will utilize increasing amounts of energy which are currently provided by coal. China will need to dramatically increase its efficiency and utilize alternative energy sources to even hold its greenhouse levels constant, let alone reduce them. Secondly China should not make the same mistake America and the industrialized west have made creating such a reliance upon cars. Cities should be designed around people and not cars. Thirdly China relies upon concrete as a primary building material which unfortunately creates large amounts of greenhouse gases in its production. Much more efficient building strategies need to be considered.
Interviewer:You had mentioned that “The environment issues are not about techniques, they are social and political problems”. Have you ever try to affect the authorities’ decision-making or educated people with your ideas?
Michael C. Mitchell:We certainly have the technological knowledge to solve our environmental problems. The issue is getting people to think through what they are trying to accomplish. China has many great strengths but one of its weaknesses is that developers and government authorities often only give architectural firms a few weeks to plan a project. That is sufficient time if you’re just drawing a pretty picture, but to plan properly takes months – to do the necessary energy design to make a building energy efficient; to design recycling water systems, to evaluate the environmental impact of different design alternatives – all of this takes time, but Chinese development projects rarely take the necessary time to evaluate all of these concerns. And unfortunately, many Chinese architectural firms do not have the necessary training to do all of these necessary steps.
Interviewer:As the founder and CEO of MCM group, how would you evaluate MCM’s achievements today?
Michael C. Mitchell:MCM has done over 2,000 projects in 59 countries. We have had the opportunity to work on many important projects throughout the world. But I want our lasting mark to be made in China. Over the next 25 years China is building the equivalent of a country the size of America. MCM wants to help see that this development is livable, sustainable and as beautiful as possible.
Interviewer:What is MCM’s future plan in China, would you mind to talk about this?
Michael C. Mitchell:We understand planning large complex developments, the types that China is undertaking in its new communities. We understand developing lifestyle and entertainment facilities that add to the enjoyment and culture of a city. We understand how to plan and design sustainable facilities. And we understand how to make projects economically feasible. We believe these strengths can help China build great developments over the next two decades.
发表评论
热门评论