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  • 《景观设计学》2019年第3期

    作 者：
    刘伟（LIU Wei），奥德•赞格拉夫-哈梅德（Aude ZINGRAFF-HAMED），朱丽叶•马丁（Juliette MARTIN）等
    类 别：
    景观
    出 版 社：
    高等教育出版社有限公司
    出版时间：
    2019年6月
    购买

俞孔坚•从“桃花源”看社会形态与景观韧性——《景观设计学》2019年第3期“主编寄语”
Lessons from the Social Form and Landscape Resilience of the Peach Blossom Land, By Yu Kongjian

“社会形态与景观韧性之间的关系”是一个非常有意思又极具挑战性的话题。景观是人类活动在大地上的烙印，因此，景观形态亦反映了人类的社会形态。而景观韧性则是指，景观作为一个生态系统，在不确定环境中和外力冲击（诸如飓风、干旱、洪水、地质灾害、环境污染等）下自我适应、自我修复和自我健全的能力，通常表现为生态系统服务（或景观服务）的可持续性。与自上而下的管理模式相比，多中心治理模式更有利于实现公共资源的有效保护和合理利用，也更有利于提升景观韧性。关于这一认识，有必要再次回到中国文化中的“桃花源”来进行论述。

在中国文化中，“桃花源”被视为理想的景观，这里的“理想”具有双重含义——理想的社会治理模式与理想的景观模式。据陶渊明的《桃花源记》所述，一方面，"桃花源"中的村民“自云先世避秦时乱”而来，“乃不知有汉，无论魏晋”——它是一个远离中央集权制和郡县制等政治制度、远离苛捐杂税的草根自治社会，这里拥有着夜不闭户的和睦邻里关系、童叟无欺的平等人际交往、“村中闻有此人，咸来问讯”的通畅信息交流、“余人各复延至其家，皆出酒食”的物资共享理念；另一方面，这里“屋舍俨然，有良田美池桑竹之属”——在秦至东晋太元年间近六百年的漫长时间里，这里维持着一种人与自然和谐共处的可持续丰产景观，堪称韧性景观的典范。

值得说明的是，虽然“桃花源”是虚构的理想世界，但其原型在中国的秀山丽水之间却并不乏见，在某种意义上，正是这种对于理想世界的初步构想使得中国跨越几千年的超稳定农业文明得以实现。在众多农业文化景观区域中，位于中国东部的古徽州地区尤使我陶醉。在这里，多中心社会治理与景观韧性被展现到了极致！在一个个互相连系的山间盆地中，山林环护的村落紧凑有致地分布在山脚之下，俨然的屋舍掩映在村口的水口林和背靠的龙山之间，留白处则以“良田美池桑竹之属”点缀。阡陌纵横，河渠蜿蜒，塘堰密布，井然有序，千百年来以极其有限的自然资源，维系着一村一族的生存和繁衍。与此同时，各个村落中的祠堂成为不同亲疏远近的族人的议事场所和决策机构，加之“巡检司”这样的官设机构，构成了一个地道的多中心治理社会；土地庙、水神庙、山神庙与道观、佛寺、理学书院则共同塑造着多样化的伦理和精神教化体系。在多重因素的叠加作用下，这里形成了以家法、族规、民间信仰和伦理为主，皇权为辅的社会治理模式，长期维护着这片富有韧性的美丽而丰产的可持续生态景观，使这片东南丘陵中的盆地得以成为远离自然灾害和战乱的“桃花源”。

工业文明的出现伴随着大一统的市场、标准化的技术、规模化的资金流，以及自上而下的单极社会管理模式，也使得中国大地上的秀山丽水逐渐丧失了韧性：蜿蜒的河流被水泥硬化和渠化，调节旱涝的池塘被填平为耕地，溪涧上用于合理分配水资源的片石低堰被更高更大的水泥大坝所代替，依赖化肥和农药的单一作物品种取代了丰富多样的乡土作物，大棚温室里铺天盖地地培育着反季节作物……值得庆幸的是，我们已经惊喜地看到，在生态文明理念指导下的美丽中国建设，尤其是美丽乡村建设的作用下，一处处新时代的“桃花源”正在重现！


The relationship between social form and landscape resilience is a challenging but thought-provoking topic. Landscapes are the imprint of human activities on the earth, and their forms reflect social and cultural forms. Landscape resilience is the ability of a landscape or an ecosystem to adapt to and recover from environmental uncertainties and impacts such as hurricanes, droughts, floods, geological disasters, and pollution. It mirrors the sustainability of ecosystem services and landscapes. Compared with the top-down authoritative hierarchies, a polycentric governance model can ensure effective protection and smart use of public assets so as to enhance landscape resilience. To understand why this is true, it is necessary to understand the Peach Blossom Land context.

The Peach Blossom Land is an ideal Chinese landscape, and the "ideal" here is sending two messages - an ideal social governance model and an ideal landscape pattern. According to Chinese poet Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Spring, once there was a fisherman accidentally encountering a secluded village, called Peach Blossom Land. People lived there to avoid the chaos of the Qin Dynasty. The fisherman was surprised that they were completely cut off from the world and had not even known about the dynastic changes in centuries. They lived in an autonomous grassroots society far away from the centralized system of prefectures and counties, and exorbitant taxes or levies. The neighborly relationship within the community enabled the doors left unlocked and everyone was treated honestly and equally. The communication was so open that the news of the fisherman's arrival spread quickly. Then, the fisherman was invited to have shared meals and drinks. Moreover, the rows of houses were aligned on the smooth and flat land, and fertile farmlands, ponds, mulberry gardens, and bamboo forests composed the surroundings. In a long period of nearly 600 years, the generations there had maintained a sustainable and productive landscape where human beings and nature lived in harmony - a model of landscape resilience.

While the Peach Blossom Land may be fictional, it is not difficult to find such real places exist between China's beautiful mountains and rivers. The initial conception of this ideal world makes a stable Agricultural Civilization for thousands of years in China. Among numerous agricultural cultural landscapes in China, the ancient Huizhou Region in Eastern China appeals to me particularly, which perfectly demonstrates both the polycentric social governance and landscape resilience. Across the inter-connected basins, compact villages lie around the bottom of hills. Tidy houses are hidden between the forests at the village entrances and mountains at the backside, while other spaces are interspersed by fertile farmlands, ponds, mulberry gardens, and bamboo forests. Straight paths cross the fields; rivers and canals meander, and ponds and reservoirs intersperse densely. For centuries, with extremely limited natural resource, such systems maintain the survival of the local generations in each village. The ancestral halls are the venue and the main body for decision-making among different clansmen, supplemented by official institutions such as Xunjiansi (an ancient patrol division), making the region a polycentric-governance community. Temples for the land god, the water god, and the mountain god, as well as Taoist, Buddhist, and Neo-Confucianism academies formed a diverse system of ethical and spiritual beliefs. Under these multiple factors, a social governance model based on family disciplines, clan rules, folk beliefs, and ethics, supplemented by the imperial power, has maintained the resilience and sustainability of the beautiful and productive ecological landscape, making itself a Peach Blossom Land in the hilly area in Southeast China and free from natural disasters and wars.

The Industrial Civilization has unified the market, standardized technologies, enlarged capital flows, and led to a top-down social management model. These practices have eroded China's landscape resilience: the meandering rivers are now replaced by concrete canals, the ponds that once addressed droughts and floods now have been occupied as cultivated lands, and the low-lying slab weirs used for distributing water resources have been transformed into higher and larger cement dams. Worse, various native crops are disappearing due to the prevailing monoculture that heavily relies on fertilizers and pesticides, while greenhouses now are filled with anti-seasonal crops. Nevertheless, it is fortunate to see the effect, especially in rural areas, of Beautiful China Construction under the Ecological Civilization - a return of Peach Blossom Lands!

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