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  • 《景观设计学》2019年第1期

    作 者：
    王志芳（WANG Zhifang），袁振宇（YUAN Zhenyu），布鲁诺·德·缪德尔（Bruno De MEULDER）等
    类 别：
    景观
    出 版 社：
    高等教育出版社有限公司
    出版时间：
    2019年2月
    购买

俞孔坚•论景观的服务——《景观设计学》2019年第1期“主编寄语”
On Services of Landscapes, By Yu Kongjian

因受邀参与产业发展与规划咨询，我先后于2017年3月和2019年1月两次登上祖国南疆的西沙群岛，几乎踏遍西沙域内所有岛屿和沙洲，可以自豪地说，我算是屈指可数的幸运儿。每次登岛归来不久，我即又开始渴望下一次探访。于我而言，这些远在数千里之外、散落在大海上的岛屿和沙洲便是诗和远方。那远方沙洲上须臾的快乐和满足，足以弥补舟车劳顿及漫长旅途中所付出的时间和机会成本。这种快乐和满足便源于景观所能提供的服务。

最早在我心中播下西沙群岛之梦的是一篇小学三年级的课文——《美丽的西沙群岛》，它至今还保留在小学课本里，但题目已改为《富饶的西沙群岛》[1]。在我看来，把“美丽”改为“富饶”大大损害了文章原有的魅力。我至今仍记得其中所描绘的美丽与富饶：五光十色、瑰丽无比的海水，各种各样的珊瑚和在珊瑚丛中穿来穿去的鱼群；海滩上形状千奇百怪的贝壳，被渔业工人翻个四脚朝天、没法逃跑的海龟；岛上遍地的鸟蛋和堆积达数米厚的鸟粪。文章最后感叹道：西沙群岛必将变得更加美丽，更加富饶！这不正是烙印在每个幼小心灵上的美丽中国梦吗！

这梦伴随我的人生近五十年之久。当我得以登上西沙群岛时，尽管眼前所见美妙绝伦的景致令人倾倒，却与小学课文中所描绘的美丽与富饶相距甚远：海水依旧五光十色，但珊瑚却已经大面积死亡，鱼群也不见了踪影。据专家解释，这是由于渔民滥用氰化物来捕杀躲藏在珊瑚中的鱼类，更有不法之徒不惜以大面积毁坏珊瑚为代价，开挖深埋于礁盘中的砗磲；此外，由于法螺（Charonia tritonis）等被过度捕捞，缺少了天敌的长棘海星（Acanthaster planci）恣意繁殖，摧毁了大量珊瑚。尽管细软的沙滩仍然绵延于水陆之间，但大部分岛屿已经不再有海龟光顾；至于那遍地的鸟蛋和厚厚的鸟粪，早已变成“久远的传说”——早在1939~1945年间，日本侵略者将西沙群岛上的鸟粪盗运回国，只因觊觎其中富含的磷；小小的几个洲屿就曾被法国、日本先后占领；更有非法渔民为财富而来，海洋生物、矿藏等资源被不断掠夺。

遗憾的是，迄今为止，甚少有个人或团体是因其美丽或所提供的景观服务而来。要获得这些服务，我们无需摧毁珊瑚来开采砗磲华丽的珍珠质、攫取美味的海鲜，更无需侵占海鸟和海龟的栖息地以宣示人类的存在。相反，我们只需解放全部的人体感官，去体验、享受其所带来的精神、文化和社会层面上无穷无尽的财富。将一群穿梭于绚烂灵动的珊瑚中的活生生的鱼变成鱼肉所获得的价值，必定无法等同于它们被无数次欣赏、唤起人们愉悦心情和激发艺术灵感的价值。

因而，当被热情邀我上岛的当地领导问及应如何发展岛上的产业，诸如捕鱼、海洋牧场、鱼类标本制作等等时，我大声反问道：难道在这小小岛屿和沙洲上，还有比铸就爱和美丽中国梦更具价值的产业吗？

It has been my honor to be invited to visit the Xisha Islands in southern China in both March 2017 and January 2019. In offering advice on the islands’ industrial development and planning, it was also a rare opportunity for me to explore the islands and shoals in more detail. I am already looking forward to a third visit to the islands, where those islands and shoals scattering in the sea thousands of miles away are fairylands to me. Even the passing pleasure and satisfaction provided by the landscape services far outweigh the time and expense of travel.

The Beautiful Xisha Islands in the textbook for my third year of primary school first inspired my desire to the islands. The beauty and fertility of the islands depicted in the text are still impressed: colorful and magnificent seawater, a variety of corals that attracted fishes, strange seashells, sea turtles that could not run away as they were turned over by fishermen, seabird eggs filled the islands, and thick seabird droppings. The text ends with an expectation that the Xisha Islands will be more beautiful and fertile, which is exactly a dream of Beautiful China — Although still found in textbooks, now it has been renamed The Fertile Xisha Islands[1], which for me could not fit into the text.

Having had knowledge of the islands for nearly five decades, I was overwhelmed and thrilled by the true beauty of the islands once arriving there. At the same time, a shocking amount of the coral and fish had died, significantly differing from the beauty and fertility described in the textbook. According to local experts, it was caused by illegal fishing that used cyanides, capture of giant clams living among the coral reefs, and the imbalance of marine life — the triton’s trumpet (Charonia tritonis) had been overfished while the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) had multiplied excessively and killed large amounts of coral. On the remaining soft beaches, also absent were the sea turtles, seabird eggs, and thick seabird droppings. During the World War II, the seabird droppings were collected and shipped to Japan for phosphorus. After that, the Xisha Islands have suffered from intensive exploitation of marine life and mineral resources.

However, few of the visitors or groups come for the beauty and the landscape services here, which can be easily accessed. The landscape services of the islands can be experienced and enjoyed through their spiritual, cultural, and social wealth, without damaging the coral to cut the reefs for gorgeous pearls and delicious seafood, or invading the habitats of seabirds and sea turtles to declare the ownership of human beings. The value of fish as food can never be worth the same as its ornamental value, pleasure, and artistic inspiration arisen by those swimming through the coral.

Therefore, when asked by the local officials who warmly invited me to visit the islands about how marine industries such as fishing, marine ranching, artwork manufacturing, and fish specimen making could be further developed, I responded proudly that there was nothing more valuable than nurturing love and Beautiful China dream.

Reference

[1] Chu, J. N. (2018). The Fertile Xisha Islands. Chinese (For Grade 3-1 of Primary School) (pp. 76-78). Beijing: People’s Education Press

 

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