适应水位变化的多功能基塘系统:塘生态智慧在三峡水库消落带生态恢复中的运用
Multi-Functional Dike-Pond System Adaptive to Water Level Change: Application of Pond-Based Ecological Wisdom in Ecological Restoration of the Hydro-Fluctuation Belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir
作者:袁兴中,杜春兰,袁嘉 Xingzhong YUAN, Chunlan DU, Jia YUAN
摘要
自然界有许多大小不一、形态各异的塘,具有多种多样的生态服务功能。在传统农耕时代,劳动人民创造了各种塘系统,如陂塘、多塘系统、桑基鱼塘等,它们发挥了储蓄水分、控制雨洪、净化污染、调节微气候、提供生物栖息地等多种生态服务功能。如今,在全球气候变化及人类活动的干扰下,地表水资源短缺、水环境污染及水生态失调等问题日益严重。如何应对不断变化的环境,进行有效的生态恢复及景观建设?我们不仅需要从自然塘系统中获取灵感,更需要从传统文化遗产,如各种塘系统的生态智慧中汲取营养。多功能基塘系统是应对环境变化、优化生态服务功能的重要手段。本文在阐明自然界塘的组成、结构和功能的基础上,发掘传统乡村各种塘系统的生态智慧,结合长江三峡水库消落带多功能基塘的设计与实践案例,探讨塘生态智慧在具有季节性水位变化的水库消落带的生态恢复和景观优化中的运用。
关键词
塘;生态智慧;多功能基塘系统;消落带;三峡水库
Abstract
There are many ponds with different sizes and shapes in nature, providing a variety of ecological services. In the era of traditional farming, people created pond systems with ecological wisdom, such as Beitang ponds, multi-pond system, mulberry-based dike fish pond, etc., which perform ecological functions including water storage, stormwater regulation, pollution purification, micro-climate adjustment, and habitat provision. Due to global climate change and human interference, problems such as the surface water shortage, water pollution and water ecosystem destruction are becoming more and more serious. To deal with the changing environment, restore ecology, and construct landscape effectively, we not only could be inspired by the natural pond system, but also need to learn from the traditional cultural heritage, such as the ecological wisdom of the various pond systems. The multi-functional dike pond system plays an important role in dealing with the environmental changes and optimizing the ecological services. On the basis of clarifying the composition, structure and function of ponds in nature, this article explores the ecological wisdom of the pond systems in traditional villages, taking the design and practices of the Three Gorges Reservoir as an example to discuss the application of the multi-functional dike pond in the ecological restoration and landscape optimization of the hydro-fluctuation belt with seasonal water level fluctuation.
Key words
Ponds; Ecological Wisdom; Multi-Functional Dike-Pond System; Hydro-Fluctuation Belt; The Three Gorges Reservoir
通过“场地可持续性设计行动计划”评级体系推动绿色基础设施与生态系统服务发展
Advancing Green Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services through the SITES Rating System
作者:丹妮尔·皮耶拉农齐,弗雷德里克·R·斯坦纳,苏姗·里夫 Danielle PIERANUNZI, Frederick R. STEINER, Susan RIEFF
摘要
在创建高效的交通系统,减少城市热岛效应,满足人们对洁净水源、空气和开放空间不断增长的需求,以及保护野生动物栖息地等方面,世界各地的城市和社区正面临越来越艰巨的挑战。绿色建筑实践可以通过能源和节水技术缓解这些方面的压力。人类在土地上建造的构筑物,深刻地影响着生态系统以及社区的健康、安全和福祉。场地可持续性设计行动计划®(SITES®)的提出基于以下认知:景观是建成环境中的一个关键元素,人们可通过设计和维护景观,来避免、减轻甚至扭转人类发展和气候变化带来的不利影响。与通常会随时间推移而贬值的建筑物不同,可持续景观通过持续提供多种效益(如雨洪管理、资源集约、污染治理,以及改善人类健康和福祉)而增值。无论其所在的场地是都市广场、城市公园、大学校园还是公司总部,景观都能作为生态弹性场所,更好地抵御偶发性洪水、干旱、野火及其他灾难,并从中迅速恢复。相较于传统的场地设计实践,使用了生态系统服务框架的SITES评级体系是一种更为有效的替代方法。
关键词
场地可持续性设计行动计划;可持续性;弹性;气候变化;生态系统服务
Abstract
Cities and communities around the world face increasingly difficult challenges in creating efficient transit systems, reducing urban heat island effects, and addressing the ever-rising demand for clean water and air, open space, and wildlife habitat. Green building practices can alleviate many of these pressures through energy, and water conserving technologies. However, what is built on the land profoundly impacts ecological systems as well as the health, safety, and welfare of communities. The Sustainable SITES Initiative® (SITES®) is based on the understanding that landscapes are a crucial element of the built environment and can be designed and maintained to avoid, mitigate, and even reverse the common detrimental impacts of development and climate change. Unlike buildings that typically depreciate over time, sustainable landscapes appreciate in value by continuing to provide multiple benefits such as managing stormwater, conserving resources, reducing pollution, and improving human health and well-being. Whether the site is an urban plaza, city park, university campus, or corporate headquarters, landscapes can be ecologically resilient places better able to withstand and recover from episodic floods, droughts, wildfires, and other catastrophic events. Using an ecosystem services framework, the SITES Rating System is presented as an alternative and more effective approach to conventional site-design practices.
Key words
SITES; Sustainability; Resilience; Climate Change; Ecosystem Services
协同合作缓解中国水资源问题
Collaborative Strategies to Alleviate China's Water Resource Problems
作者:王浩 Hao WANG
摘要
我国水资源面临着供需矛盾突出、水旱灾害频发、水污染严重、水生态系统退化等严峻问题。这些问题的解决需要仰赖多学科、多领域的研究合作,以及跨行业、跨部门的协同工作。与水资源研究相关的各个专业应采用协同创新的模式推进彼此间的有效沟通,注重从理论上交互融合、从方法上协作借鉴,深入开展不同学科间的交流。通过对目前广泛开展的海绵城市建设工作进行评述,作者指出应在政策法规、技术标准、体制机制等方面推动海绵城市建设中的协同。
关键词
水资源;海绵城市;协同;生态海绵流域
Abstract
China’s water resources are facing serious problems including uneven supply and demand, frequent droughts and floods, severe water pollution, and water ecosystem degradation. To solve these problems, multi-disciplinary and multi-field research cooperation, as well as multi-professional and multi-departmental collaboration are required. The different disciplines that study water resources should adopt new collaborative models that promote effective communication between professionals, and that focus on interactive integration in theory and methodology to achieve disciplinary exchange. A thorough review of Sponge City programs draws attention to policies, regulations, technical standards, and institutional mechanisms needed for this exchange.
Key words
Water Resources; Sponge City; Collaboration; Ecological Sponge River Basin
结合科学与社会方法的河流修复:访谈G·马蒂亚斯·康道夫
Combining Scientific and Social Methods in River Restoration: An Interview with G. Mathias Kondolf
作者:G·马蒂亚斯·康道夫,史书菡 G. Mathias KONDOLF, Shuhan SHI
摘要
本次访谈聚焦于美国河流生态修复的教育和实践,及其对中国的借鉴意义。G·马蒂亚斯·康道夫介绍了他在加州大学伯克利分校的教学和研究,阐述了对水坝建设的看法,并提出了河流修复的几大原则。另一位对话者史书菡在中国的语境下提出了与该主题相关的主要问题。本次访谈旨在通过全新视角,为研究者和实践者提供解决中国水问题的思路,为景观设计师和规划师未来的研究和实践提供整合科学与社会方法的新理念。
关键词
河流修复;水坝建设;沉积物;非点源污染;使用后评价
Abstract
This interview focuses on discussion of education and practice in river restoration in the United States and its possible lessons for China. G. Mathias Kondolf introduces his teaching and research at University of California, Berkeley and gives his views on dam construction and the principles of river restoration. Shuhan Shi, the interviewer, puts forward several important questions related to the topic within Chinese contexts. Together, through a fresh perspective, this work could help researchers and practitioners to consider ways to solve water problems in China. For landscape architects and planners, it provides new perceptions to combine scientific and social methods for future research and practice.
Key words
River Restoration; Dam Construction; Sediment; Non-Point Source Pollution; Post-Occupancy Evaluation
协同设计与创新管理——温岭东部新区海绵城市建设经验谈
Collaborative Design and Innovative Management — The Experience of Sponge City Development in the Eastern New District of Wenling City
作者:佘依爽 Yishuang SHE
摘要
如何因地制宜地落实国务院办公厅于2015年10月印发的《关于推进海绵城市建设的指导意见》,是现阶段海绵城市建设的热点问题。浙江省温岭市东部新区自2010年启动城市建设实践起,即率先形成了以“水”为核心的绿色基础设施雏形,搭建了完整的城市生态建设框架,系统地在全区域范围内进行了多维度的雨洪管理实践。本文采访并总结了开发方、城市管理机构、施工方、景观设计师等与该地海绵城市建设直接相关人群的实践经验与心路历程,得出优先规划绿色基础设施、敢为人先的突破性理念、系统化的解决方案,以及执行到位的精细化管理是项目实施效果较好的基本原因。
关键词
海绵城市建设;绿色基础设施;协同设计;管理
Abstract
In current sponge city development, the question of how to implement plans according to local circumstances and the Guiding Opinions on Promoting Sponge City Development, issued in October 2015 by the State Council, has become a hot topic. Starting with urban development in 2010, the Eastern New District of Wenling City, Zhejiang Province has taken the lead in building an early phase of green infrastructure that centers on “water” to establish a complete framework of urban ecological development and carry out various practices of city-wide stormwater management systematically. This article summarizes the practical experiences and conceptual procedures of developers, urban administrative agencies, contractors, landscape architects, and other people who are directly related to the development of this sponge city. It is believed that the prioritized planning of green infrastructure, the boldness to be a pioneer, the systematic solutions, and the proper execution of tactful management are the fundamental reasons for the successful implementation results.
Key words
Sponge City Development; Green Infrastructure; Collaborative Design; Management
城市水体生态修复与景观设计的协同营建
Collaborative Establishment of Urban Water Ecological Restoration and Landscape Architecture
作者:张饮江,李凤莹,吴文明 Yingjiang ZHANG, Fengying LI, Wenming WU
摘要
城市水系承担着提供水资源、发挥生态效应、承载城市生活等多种功能。通过城市水系设计能够优化水资源的时空分布,改善水文循环并提升水质,对城市生态系统而言有着重要意义。本文旨在探讨如何在最大限度地保护原有水生态系统的基础上,修复受损水生态,恢复城市水系综合功能,从而让城市弹性适应环境变化和自然灾害,同时提升水域周边土地价值与美学价值。作者从水陆交错带营建、水生生物的共生关系、水生生物生境营建等方面展开了讨论。
关键词
城市水体;生态修复;水系设计;景观设计
Abstract
Urban water systems fulfill a variety of purposes, such as providing water resources, performing ecological functions, and supporting city life. The design of urban water systems optimizes the spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, improves the hydrographic circulation and water quality, bringing important influences to the urban ecosystem. This article aims to discuss how to maximize the protection of the original aquatic ecosystem, the repair of damaged water ecology, and the restoration of urban water system functions so as to endow the city with resilience to adapt to environmental changes and natural disasters, while enhancing the economic and aesthetic value of the land adjacent to water. A general discussion is provided on the establishment of water-land ecotones, symbiosis of aquatic organisms, and establishment of aquatic habitat.
Key words
Urban Water body; Ecological Restoration; Water System Design; Landscape Architecture
设计一处河流花园——瑞士日内瓦艾尔河修复
Designing a Rivergarden —— Renaturation of River Aire, Geneva, Switzerland
作者:Superpositions集团 Group Superpositions
摘要
在一处自古就用于农业生产的山谷中,艾尔河静静流过。自19世纪末起,其被逐步开凿为运河。2001年,日内瓦市政府举办了一场竞赛,旨在拆除渠化运河,使艾尔河恢复最初的形貌。我们却提出将运河与开阔的河流改道空间相结合,并将新河床与昔日运河中的一系列花园联系起来。整个设计最终呈现为一个线性花园,其将环境、视野与现状组织起来。而运河的痕迹则是构建必要的宁静氛围和内在价值的关键元素。
我们提出一种启动形态,这种形态强调河流流线与现有地形之间的相互作用。基于渗流原理,我们以一组菱形图案为基础,为水流开凿出一系列复杂而流向不定的河道。河水的流动带动了各种材料、碎石和沙子的位移,最初的菱形几何矩阵也转变为极其多样的河流地貌。
关键词
河流花园;叠加;启动形态;运河的痕迹
Abstract
The River Aire flows through valleys historically devoted to farming. From late 19th century, it was progressively canalized. In 2001, State of Geneva opened a competition with the idea of restoring the river to its original shape by destroying the canal. We instead proposed to combine the canal with a vast divagation space for the river and associate the new riverbed and a series of gardens in the former canal. The whole design becomes a linear garden that organizes situations, views, and presences. The canal footprint is a key device for building the necessary calm and interiority.
We proposed a launching pattern whose form addresses the play between the river flow and the prepared terrain. This diamond-shape diagram based on the percolation principle opens a complex series of undetermined channels for the flows. The river flows displacing diverse materials, gravels, sand and the initial geometrical matrix of lozenges gives birth to an extreme diversity of the fluvial geomorphology.
Key words
Rivergarden; Superpositions; Launching Pattern; Canal Footprint
悉尼公园水资源再利用项目
Sydney Park Water Re-Use Project
作者:Turf设计与环境事务所 Turf Design Studio & Environmental Partnership
摘要
该项目作为“悉尼2030可持续发展战略规划”的重要组成部分,是悉尼市迄今为止最大的环境保护工程。项目旨在通过在本地蓄水并将之再利用的方式来满足用水需求。城市从而抓住了一次千载难逢的机会,以基础设施工程为载体,赋予公园以新的生机。
关键词
景观设计;水资源管理;绿色基础设施;可持续性;协作
Abstract
This project forms City of Sydney’s largest environmental project to date and an integral component of Sustainable Sydney 2030. It targets water demand to be met through local water capture and re-use. The City seized a once in a lifetime opportunity to use what was essentially an infrastructure project as a vehicle to breathe new life into the park.
Key words
Landscape Architecture; Water Management; Green Infrastructure; Sustainability; Collaboration
常德市穿紫河流域生态治理实践
Practice of Ecological Management in the Chuanzi River Basin, Changde City
作者:彭赤焰,罗帕·格罗特瓦,郑能师,杨昶 Chiyan PENG, Rob GROTEWAL, Nengshi ZHENG, Chang YANG
摘要
针对常德市穿紫河的黑臭水体问题,项目以恢复可持续的自然水循环系统为原则,以改善水质、创造生态水环境为目标,通过多专业结合来进行流域的生态综合治理。景观设计、海绵城市建设、水处理工程、防洪等多项措施的融合,实现了多种功能的共同实施。该项目结合周边产业共同开发,探索了黑臭水体城市环境治理的循环经济途径。
关键词
黑臭水体;海绵城市;流域;河道生态治理;景观
Abstract
Aiming at polluted water of the Chuanzi River, Changde City, and in order to restore the sustainable natural water circulation system, improve the water quality, and create an ecological water environment, this project carries out the comprehensive management of the river basin through multi-disciplinary integration. The integration of various measures, including landscape architecture, sponge city construction, water treatment, and flood control, achieves concurrent implementation of a variety of functions. The project incorporates development of the surrounding properties, to explore a circular economy approach to urban environmental management.
Key words
Polluted Water; Sponge City; Ecological Management of River Basin; Landscape Architecture
上海市苏州河两岸城市设计
Shanghai Suzhou Creek Urban Design
作者:Sasaki设计事务所 Sasaki
摘要
Sasaki设计事务所在上海市苏州河两岸设计国际竞赛中拔得头筹。苏州河曾是上海市的水路运输要道之一,但近几十年却遭受了极其严重的污染,且日渐为人所遗忘。得益于亚洲开发银行的支持,现今的苏州河水体已日渐恢复洁净,并将重拾其在城市中的核心地位。
关键词
苏州河;城市复兴;公共领域;适应性再利用
Abstract
Sasaki was selected as the winning team for the international competition to redesign Suzhou Creek in Shanghai. Suzhou Creek was historically one of the city’s most vital water routes, but in recent decades suffered from unspeakable pollution and neglect. With a loan from the Asian Development Bank, the waterway is now clean and ready to reclaim its role as a centerpiece of the city.
Key words
Suzhou Creek; Urban Revitalization; Public Realm; Adaptive Reuse
由生态濒危区向文化保护区的转变——路易斯安那州巴吞鲁日湖修复
From Ecological Collapse to Cultural Sanctuary — Restoration of the Baton Rouge Lakes, Louisiana
作者:SWA休斯顿分公司 SWA-Houston
摘要
对于路易斯安那州的核心区域,合理的生态修复方法不仅有益于其濒危湖泊系统的恢复,更可将城市与生态及文化遗产重新联系起来。在巴吞鲁日湖修复项目中,通过合理的最佳管理实践,该城市作为人与水和谐共处之地的形象将得以提升。
关键词
生态;文化;修复
Abstract
For the centerpiece of Louisiana, sound ecological restoration methods will heal a dying lake system while also reconnecting a city to its ecological and cultural heritage. The Restoration of the Baton Rouge Lakes project will elevate the city’s identity to one based on sound best management practices where man and water exist in equilibrium.
Key words
Ecology; Culture; Restoration
景观测知——新自然的诞生
Sensing Landscapes — A Neo-Natural Incarnate
作者:列夫·埃斯特拉达 Leif ESTRADA
摘要
作为景观设计师,在应对具形现象时,我们面临着众多复杂和不确定的因素。人类世的到来只会进一步增加这样的景观转变,其中尤以那些直接受水文形态影响的转变为甚。虽然工程技术已使如上情况有所缓解,但本文试图探讨一种基于响应技术的替代方案,以实现实时的自适管理。该方案倾向于将生态过程而非静态建构作为一种设计方法。在进行大量的实验来验证相关理论表述的过程中,我们关注响应系统所具有的不一致性和自发性,接纳其与景观的融合,以促成一种“新自然”的诞生。
关键词
知觉景观;感知;自发性;机器人科学;自然
Abstract
As landscape designers, we face complexities and indeterminacies when dealing with morphological phenomena. The advent of the Anthropocene only but increased such landscape transformations, most especially those that are directly affected by hydrological morphologies. Though engineering technologies alleviate such problématique, this paper seeks to present an alternative methodology in the use of responsive technologies, enabling real-time adaptive management, which favors ecological processes over static constructions as a design methodology. Experimentations were conducted to ground such theoretical assertions, while addressing the inconsistencies and spontaneity produced by responsive systems and accepting their integration into the landscape as part of its new Nature.
Key words
Sentient Landscapes; Sensing; Autonomy; Robotics; Nature
吉大港的融渡之地
Mediating Grounds in Chittagong
作者:贝亚特·海默 Beata HEMER
摘要
该项目关注二元对立的概念,就这种秩序如何引导我们理解和看待世界的观念提出疑问。具体而言,乡村与城市、生产活动和家庭生活的二元对立是本项目试图重点解读的议题。“沙龙”和“花园”这两个概念,在这里被视作具有过渡性的、连接起一系列现存二元场所的中介空间,成为在孟加拉国吉大港两处场地展开干预的纲领性框架。
本项目中的场地干预,分别是一处小规模陶瓷厂以及一个种子库的建立。项目关注场地周边人们的日常生活,包括洗涤、清扫、播种、耕作等行为,其希望赋予这些习惯和传统以新的维度、理解和惊喜。壤土和粘土,乃至由其制成的陶瓷元素,成为将花园和沙龙相连的基础元素。除了物质层面的联系外,由于两者都是生产和分享知识的场所,其虽各具建筑特色,却在概念层面上紧密相连。两种干预在以公众参与为核心的社区尺度展开,其建筑框架及构件可以根据使用者的需求和创造力来调整和改变。
关键词
孟加拉国;景观;水;社区;生产
Abstract
The project is concerned about dualities and paired terms, problematizing how this type of ordering forms how we conceive and look at the world. More specifically, the division between rural and urban, production and domesticity are in focus. Two concepts — that of the salon and the garden — are being recognized as liminal and in-between spaces, mediating between constructed dualities. They are used as programmatic frames for two sites in Chittagong, Bangladesh; forming ground for two interventions.
The interventions are a small-scale production of ceramic water filter and a seed library. The project concerns the everyday life of the people involved, residing in practices of washing, cleaning, sowing, cultivating, giving dimension, understanding and marvel to these routines and customs. The soil, the clay and in extension the ceramic element is what on a very elemental level joins the garden and the salon. They are also joined on a conceptual level by both being sites for production and sharing of knowledge, each with their own architectural articulation. They are rooted in the scale of the community, where participation is a keystone, and the architecture and its artefacts can be adjusted and modified according to the needs and creativity of its users.
Key words
Bangladesh; Landscape; Water; Community; Production