哈佛设计学景观设计学教授理查德.福尔曼
理查德T.T.福尔曼
哈佛设计学研究院景观设计学教授
人物简介
生平
Richard是哈佛大学景观生态学PAES教授，他在设计学研究院和哈弗福德学院教授生态学课程。他主要的学术研究是将空间格局和科学联系起来，以使自然和土地上的人和谐相处。他常常被称为景观生态学和道路生态学之父，帮助促进了城市区域生态和规划学的出现。其他研究领域包括变化的土地镶嵌类型、土地保护和利用规划、城市建成空间和绿地类型以及斑块—廊道—基质模型。
Richard 获得了哈弗福德学院理科学士学位、宾夕法尼亚大学哲学博士学位、迈阿密大学文学荣誉博士学位和佛罗里达国际大学理科博士学位。他曾任教于拉特格斯大学和威斯康辛大学，并获得Lindback基金会杰出教学奖。他历任三个专业团体的主席或副主席，并在法国、哥伦比亚、英格兰、意大利、中国、捷克共和国、澳大利亚和美国获得过各种奖项和荣誉。Forman教授撰写了无数文章，他出版的著作包括《景观生态学》（1986）、获奖的《土地镶嵌体》（1995）、《景观设计学和土地利用规划中的景观生态学原则》（1996）、《道路生态学》（2003）、《Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona》（2004）和《城市区域：超越城市的生态和规划》。
教育和学术历程
Forman教授在哈弗福德学院获得了生物学学士学位、在宾夕法尼亚大学获得植物学哲学博士学位，随后他作为美国公谊服务会志愿者在危地马拉和洪都拉斯工作了两年。他早期的学术研究专于与植物、地衣、鸟类和森林生态，这些研究引起了他对之后的研究领域的关注：景观生态学、道路生态学和城市区域生态和规划学。
目前他的研究和写作包括这些领域，另外还有变化的土地镶嵌体、土地保护和利用规划、城市建成空间和绿地类型、斑块—廊道—基质模型、以及更宽泛地将科学和空间格局和科学联系起来以使自然和土地上的人和谐相处。除了任教于哈佛大学设计学研究院和哈弗福德学院外，他还是哈弗福德林业学会和哈佛大学环境中心的成员。
教学
Forman曾任教于洪都拉斯Escuela Agricola Panamericana大学、威斯康辛大学、拉特格斯大学等等。在哈佛大学，他在设计学研究院教授研究生课程（景观生态学、城市和郊区生态学以及景观生态学更深入的话题），同时他还在艺术和科学学院环境科学和公共政策系教授一个初高级课程（生态和土地利用规划）。
这些课程探究土地的理解、保护、设计、政策、管理和规划的生态学原则和应用，一般包括3到7天的集中现场研究考察。他是25个博士和硕士生的指导教授，曾3次获得哈弗福德学院利文森杰出教师奖，此外还获得了Lindback基金会杰出教学奖。
国际荣誉
Forman 教授曾任哥伦比亚富布赖特学者、法国国家科学研究中心研究员、澳大利亚国立大学CRES Fellow和景观生态学国际协会的组织副主席。他曾获得由布拉格查尔斯大学科学学院和意大利弗罗伦斯大学建筑学院颁发的奖章。他曾任哥斯达黎加总统和自然资源和能源部长的顾问，以及巴塞罗那市长何首席规划设计师的顾问。他还是剑桥大学克莱尔讲堂学院的成员和中国学术中央研究院的荣誉教授。
美国荣誉
Forman博士获得了迈阿密大学（人文文学博士）、哈佛大学（艺术硕士）、康韦设计学院和弗罗里达国际大学（科学博士）等荣誉学位。他曾任美国生态协会副主席和托里植物学会主席。他建立了美国生态协会的华盛顿办公室，并监督其原始的实践和政策。除了主持大学的研究生课程外，12年来他还主持了一个小的生态学研究中心：哈奇森纪念森林公园中心。Forman曾任6个科学期刊的编辑部成员和3个国家研究顾问/技术评审委员会成员。他曾为12本书撰写前言。
他的委员会成员身份包括自然保护区管理机构曼彻斯特分会成员。1992年他被授予杰出景观生态学者称号并当选为美国科学发展协会董事。
早期职业生涯
Forman教授的学术根源在于生态学，尤其是森林、植物、地衣和鸟类生态学。早期的研究包括实验性地解释物种分类结构（浮游动植物时代）(Forman,1964),地衣生态学（Forman，1976）、热带雨林（Forman 1975）和社区结构（Allen和Forman 1976）。在生态学家都还没有专注于研究带有人类深刻印记的空间和结构和景观的年代，Forman便率先利用一个农业景观中的老龄树林开展了一项经过精心设计的实验以研究斑块的尺度对生物多向性和丰富性的影响 (Forman et al. 1976, Forman and Elfstrom 1975, Galli et al. 1976)。随后他立刻率先组织了一个当时罕见的对整体景观的多维分析并编辑出版了《松林地：生态系统和景观》（Forman 1979）。
景观生态学
反映了景观生态理念（大片区域的生态学，比如说透过飞机窗户能够看到的区域）的这两个阶段，协同来自各个领域的同事，Forman为该究领域打下了坚实的基础，包括一些基础性的出版物（Forman 1979，Forman and Godron 1981, Forman 1981, Forman 1983, Risser et al. 1983）。一个开拓性的景观尺度的建模研究案例成为随后美国太平洋西北地区伐木和猫头鹰争议的关键。(Franklin and Forman 1987).
Forman 1986年和M. Godron 合著的《景观生态学》一书是当代景观生态学第一次综合，详细描述了有助于理解和改善土地利用类型的斑块—廊道—基质模型。。1995年他出版了更详细地研究景观生态学书籍，并将研究对象扩展到区域的尺度《土地镶嵌：景观和区域生态学》。 (Cantwell and Forman 1994, Forman and Collinge 1995, Collinge and Forman 1998, Hersperger and Forman 2003, Forman 2009a, 2009b).
道路生态学
1995年，面临景观中道路系统显而易见的矛盾和对此生态学视角的理解的缺乏，Forman博士开始与交通部门和野生生物学家合作为建立“道路生态学”做出基础性工作。他早期的文章提供了一些综合性分析和概念。(Forman and Hersperger 1996, Forman and Alexander 1998, Forman and Deblinger 2000, Forman 2000, Forman et al. 2002). 这项工作在第一次由14位生态学家、水文学家和交通专家合著的作品中达到了顶峰。（《道路生态学：科学和对策》(Forman et al. 2003)）这是第一本关于道路生态和交通工具综合型的图书，有效地使该领域跳转到一个了联合发展的时期。道路生态学进一步的研究包括其理论发展和对交通和土地问题提出的对策。
城市区域生态学和规划
Forman教授对城市区域生态和规划的兴趣源于一本早期合著的《景观设计和土地利用规划的景观生态学原则》(Dramstad et al. 1996)。这些概念之后开始在巴塞罗那大规模的规划项目中成形，强调了城市区域中自然生态系统及其利用的重要性。(Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona) (Forman 2004)。
进一步研究包括一个城郊小镇当地生态和规划分析(Forman et al. 2004)和全球尺度的研究(McDonald et al. 2008, Forman 2008)。这些基础性的工作，以及从大到小、世界各地的38个城市区域的空间环境分析综合在一起，成为第一本描述科学、规划和社会面临的挑战前沿的书。（《城市区域：超越城市的生态和规划》）。研究包括不同城市形式的生态学(Forman 2008, 2009c, Forman et al. 2009)。
其他经验
美国渔业和野生生物服务处生物学副官、马里兰州帕图克森特研究保护中心、教育考试服务处GRE生物学高级考试审查委员会成员。自然保护署自然地区保护顾问和研究员。
四个景观生态学及其在意大利弗罗伦斯的应用专题研讨会的主讲人。曾受邀在23个国家的学术组织做报告（〉240），以及在Forma母校进行演讲，并为专业会议撰写论文(ca. 60)。在佛罗里达轨迹大学的毕业典礼上进行了题目为“选择一个地方，无论什么尺度，让它变得更好！为自然也为我们自己”的演讲。他任职于多任务的团体、组织和当地或州立机构理事会以及国家范围内的非盈利组织，这些组织致力于开放空间保护、自然保护、休闲和历史保护。
英文介绍
Profile
Biographical Sketch
Richard T. T. Forman is the PAES Professor of Landscape Ecology at Harvard University, where he teaches ecological courses in the Graduate School of Design and in Harvard College. His primary scholarly interest is linking science with spatial pattern to interweave nature and people on the land. Often considered to be a “father” of landscape ecology and also of road ecology, he helps catalyze the emergence of urban-region ecology and planning. Other research interests include changing land mosaics, conservation and land use planning, built-and-greenspace urban forms, and the patch-corridor-matrix model. He received a Haverford College B.S., University of Pennsylvania Ph.D., honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from Miami University, and honorary Doctor of Science from Florida International University. He formerly taught at Rutgers University and the University of Wisconsin, and received the Lindback Foundation Award for Excellence in Teaching. He served as president or vice-president of three professional societies, and has received awards and honors in France, Colombia, England, Italy, China, Czech Republic, Australia, and the USA. Professor Forman has authored numerous articles, and his books include Landscape Ecology (1986), the award-winning Land Mosaics (1995), Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-use Planning (1996), Road Ecology (2003), Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona (2004), and Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City (2008).
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Education and Scholarly Evolution
Professor Forman received his bachelor degree in biology at Haverford College and Ph.D. in botany at the University of Pennsylvania, after which he served two years as an American Friends Service Committee volunteer in Guatemala and Honduras. His early scholarly career focused on plant, moss, avian and forest ecology, which led in overlapping sequence to research in landscape ecology, road ecology, and urban region ecology and planning. Today his research and writing include these fields, plus changing land mosaics, conservation and land use planning, built-and-greenspace urban forms, the patch-corridor-matrix model, and more broadly, linking science with spatial pattern to interweave nature and people on the land. In addition to being a faculty member in the Graduate School of Design and Harvard College, he is an Associate of The Harvard Forest and Associate of the Harvard University Center for the Environment.
Teaching
Forman taught at the Escuela Agricola Panamericana (Honduras), University of Wisconsin, Rutgers University, and several field stations. At Harvard, he teaches graduate courses (landscape ecology, urban and suburban ecology, advanced topics in landscape ecology) at the Graduate School of Design, and a junior-senior course (ecology and land-use planning) in the Environmental Science and Public Policy program of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. These courses explore ecological principles and applications for understanding, conservation, design, policy, management and planning of land, and often include 3-to-7-day intensive field-study trips. He served as Advisor for 25 doctoral and masters students. He was a finalist for the Levenson Outstanding Teacher Award in Harvard College three times, and has received the Lindback Foundation Award for Excellence in Teaching.
Honors Internationally
Professor Forman has served as a Fulbright Scholar in Colombia, CNRS Chercheur in France, Miegunyah Fellow at the University of Melbourne (Australia), CRES Fellow at Australian National University, and Founding Vice President of the International Association for Landscape Ecology. He received medals from the Faculty of Science of Charles University (Prague) and the Faculty of Architecture of the University of Florence (Italy). He served as Consultant to the President of Costa Rica and Minister of Natural Resources and Energy, and to the Mayor and Chief Architect/Planner of Barcelona. He is a Member of Clare Hall (University of Cambridge), an Honorary Member of the Italian Society of Landscape Ecology, and an Honorary Professor in the Academia Sinica in China.
Honors in the USA
Dr. Forman has received honorary degrees from Miami University (Doctor of Humane Letters), Harvard University (Master of Arts), Conway School of Design, and Florida International University (Doctor of Science). He served as Vice President of the Ecological Society of America and President of the Torrey Botanical Society. He established the Ecological Society of America’s Washington Office, overseeing its initial practices and policy. In addition to directing university graduate programs, for twelve years he directed a small ecological research center at Rutgers, the Hutcheson Memorial Forest Center. Forman has been a Member of the Editorial Board of six scientific journals, has served on three National Research Council/TRB committees, and has written the Foreword for twelve published books. His board membership includes The Trustees of Reservations and The Nature Conservancy-Massachusetts Chapter. He was named Distinguished Landscape Ecologist in 1992 and was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Early Career
Professor Forman’s scholarly roots are in ecology, especially of forests, plants, mosses and birds. Early research included experimentally explaining a hierarchical species distribution (pre-phyto/biotron era) (Forman 1964), moss ecology (Forman 1969), tropical rainforest (Forman 1975), and community structure (Allen and Forman 1976). In an era before ecologists focused on spatial pattern and landscapes with a heavy human imprint, he launched into the first rigorously designed test of the effect of patch size on species diversity or richness, using old-growth woods in an agricultural landscape (Forman et al. 1976, Forman and Elfstrom 1975, Galli et al. 1976). Immediately thereafter he spearheaded a then-rare multidimensional analysis and book for an entire landscape (Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape) (Forman 1979).
Landscape Ecology
These two steps galvanized the idea of “landscape ecology” (the ecology of large areas, such as seen from an airplane window), and with colleagues from several fields Forman began to build the groundwork for a field of study, including some foundation publications (Forman 1979, Forman and Godron 1981, Forman 1981, Forman 1983, Risser et al. 1983). A pioneering landscape-wide modeling study emerged as a key for the subsequent logging-and-owls controversy in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (Franklin and Forman 1987). Forman’s 1986 book (Landscape Ecology) with M. Godron was the first synthesis of modern landscape ecology, and elaborated the patch-corridor-matrix model for understanding and improving land-use pattern. In 1995 he published the more definitive book on the subject, and extended the vision to include regions (Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions). Research in landscape ecology continues (Cantwell and Forman 1994, Forman and Collinge 1995, Collinge and Forman 1998, Hersperger and Forman 2003, Forman 2009a, 2009b).
Road Ecology
Again in 1995, challenged by the paradox of conspicuous road systems in the landscape and the scarcity of ecological understanding of them, Dr. Forman began collaborating with the transportation community and wildlife biologists to build foundations for a field of “road ecology”. His early articles provided syntheses and ideas (Forman and Hersperger 1996, Forman and Alexander 1998, Forman and Deblinger 2000, Forman 2000, Forman et al. 2002). The effort culminated in the spearheading of a multi-author volume co-written by 14 ecologists, hydrologist, and transportation experts (Road Ecology: Science and Solutions) (Forman et al. 2003). This was the first comprehensive book on the ecology of roads and vehicles, and has effectively jump-started the field into rapid coalescence. Ongoing research on road ecology includes both its intellectual development and its solutions for transportation and the land (Forman 2004, 2006, Forman and McDonald 2007).
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Urban Region Ecology and Planning
Professor Forman’s interest in “urban region ecology and planning” appears in an early small co-authored book (Landscape Ecology Principles for Landscape Architecture and Land-Use Planning) (Dramstad et al. 1996). The concepts then began to gel in an ambitious planning project and book for Barcelona, Spain, that highlighted the importance of natural systems and their uses in an urban region (Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona) (Forman 2004). Further dimensions evolved in a local ecological and planning analysis for a suburban town (Forman et al. 2004) and in global-scale studies (McDonald et al. 2008, Forman 2008). These foundations, along with a spatial environmental analysis of 38 urban regions, large to small, worldwide, coalesced into a first-synthesis book for this challenging frontier of science, planning and society (Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City). Research includes the ecology of diverse urban forms (Forman 2008, 2009c, Forman et al. 2009).
Other Experience
Biological Aide, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Research Refuge, Maryland. Member, Committee of Examiners for GRE Advanced Test in Biology, Educational Testing Service. Consultant and collaborator with The Nature Conservancy in protection of natural areas. Presenter of four workshops/sessions on landscape ecology and applications in Florence, Italy. Invited presentations (>240) at institutions in 23 nations, plus invited talks at Forman’s home university, and contributed papers (ca. 60) presented at professional meetings. Commencement address, “Choose a place, at any scale; make it better, for nature and us,” Florida International University. Served on diverse task forces, committees, and boards for local and state agencies and statewide non-profit organizations, focusing on open space protection, conservation, recreation, and historic preservation.
Primary Books
Forman, R. T. T., ed. 1979. Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape. Academic Press, New York. 601 pp. [1998 edition, Rutgers University Press].
Forman, R. T. T. and M. Godron. 1986. Landscape Ecology. John Wiley, New York. 619 pp. [1990, 1994 Chinese editions; 1993 Czech edition].
Zonneveld, I. S. and R. T. T. Forman, eds. 1990. Changing Landscapes: An Ecological Perspective. Springer-Verlag, New York. 286 pp.
Forman, R. T. T. 1995. Land Mosaics: The Ecology of Landscapes and Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York. 632 pp. [2000 Korean Edition (2002 paperback)].
Dramstad, W., J. D. Olson, and R. T. T. Forman. 1996. Landscape Ecology Principles in Landscape Architecture and Land-use Planning. Published by Harvard University Graduate School of Design, American Society of Landscape Architects, and Island Press, Washington, D.C. 80 pp. [2005 Spanish edition; 2006 Chinese edition; 2008 Farsi edition].
Forman, R. T. T., D. Sperling, J. A. Bissonette, A. P. Clevenger, C. D. Cutshall, V. H. Dale, L. Fahrig, R. France, C. R. Goldman, K. Heanue, J. A. Jones, F. J. Swanson, T. Turrentine, and T. C. Winter. 2003. Road Ecology: Science and Solutions. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 481 pp.
Forman, R. T. T. 2004. Mosaico territorial para la region metropolitana de Barcelona. (Land Mosaic for the Greater Barcelona Region). Editorial Gustavo Gili, Barcelona. 150 pp.
Forman, R. T. T. 2008. Urban Regions: Ecology and Planning Beyond the City. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York. 408 pp.
Selected Scholarly Articles
Forman, R. T. T. 1964. Growth under controlled conditions to explain the hierarchical distributions of a moss, Tetraphis pellucida. Ecological Monographs 34: 1-25.
Forman, R. T. T. 1969. Comparison of coverage, biomass, and energy as measures of standing crop of bryophytes in various ecosystems. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 96: 582-591.
Forman, R. T. T. 1975. Canopy lichens with blue-green algae: a nitrogen source in a Colombian rainforest. Ecology 56: 1176-1184.
Forman, R. T. T. and B. A. Elfstrom. 1975. Forest structure comparison of Hutcheson Memorial Forest and eight old woods on the New Jersey Piedmont. Hutcheson Memorial Forest Bulletin (Rutgers University) 3: 44-51.
Forman, R. T. T., A. E. Galli, and C. F. Leck. 1976. Forest size and avian diversity in New Jersey woodlots with some land-use implications. Oecologia 26: 1-8.
Galli, A. E., C. F. Leck, and R. T. T. Forman. 1976. Avian distribution patterns in forest islands of different sizes in Central New Jersey. Auk 93: 356-364.
Allen, E. B. and R. T. T. Forman. 1976. Plant species removals and old-field community structure and stability. Ecology 57: 1233-1243.
Forman, R. T. T. 1979. The Pine Barrens of New Jersey: an ecological mosaic. In Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape, R. T. T. Forman, ed. Academic Press, New York. Pp. 569-585.
Forman, R. T. T. and D. C. Hahn. 1980. Spatial patterns of trees in a Caribbean semi-evergreen forest. Ecology 61: 1267-1274.
Forman, R. T. T. and M. Godron. 1981. Patches and structural components for a landscape ecology. BioScience 31: 733-740.
Forman, R. T. T. 1981. Interaction among landscape elements: a core of landscape ecology. In Proceedings of the International Congress of the Netherlands Society for Landscape Ecology. Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands. Pp. 35-48.
Forman, R. T. T. and R. E. J. Boerner. 1981. Fire frequency and the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 108: 34-50.
Risser, P. G., J. R. Karr, and R. T. T. Forman. 1983. Landscape Ecology: Directions and Approaches. Illinois Natural History Survey, Special Publication Number 2, Champaign, Illinois. 18 pp.
Forman, R. T. T. 1983. Corridors in a landscape: their ecological structure and function. Ekologia (Czechoslovakia CSSR) 2: 375-387.
Maguire, D. A. and R. T. T. Forman. 1983. Herb cover effects on tree seedling patterns in a mature hemlock-hardwood forest. Ecology 64: 1367-1380.
Forman, R. T. T. and J. Baudry. 1984. Hedgerows and hedgerow networks in landscape ecology. Environmental Management 8: 495-510.
Milne, B. T. and R. T. T. Forman. 1986. Peninsulas in Maine: woody plant diversity, distance, and environmental patterns. Ecology 67: 967-974.
Franklin, J. F. and R. T. T. Forman. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: ecological consequences and principles. Landscape Ecology 1: 5-18.
Hardt, R. A. and R. T. T. Forman. 1989. Boundary form effects on woody colonization of reclaimed surface mines. Ecology 70: 1252-1260.
Forman, R. T. T. and P. N. Moore. 1992. Theoretical foundations for understanding boundaries in landscape mosaics. In Landscape Boundaries: Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows, A. J. Hansen and F. di Castri, eds. Springer-Verlag, New York. Pp. 236-258.
Peterken, G. F., D. Ausherman, M. Buchenau, and R. T. T. Forman. 1992. Old-growth conservation within British upland conifer plantations. Forestry 65: 127-144.
Cantwell, M. D. and R. T. T. Forman. 1994. Landscape graphs: ecological modeling with graph theory to detect configurations common to diverse landscapes. Landscape Ecology 8: 239-255.
Forman, R. T. T. and S. K. Collinge. 1995. The “spatial solution” to conserving biodiversity in landscapes and regions. In Conservation of Faunal Diversity in Forested Landscapes, R. M. DeGraaf and R. I. Miller, eds. Chapman & Hall, London. Pp. 537-568.
Forman, R. T. T. and A. M. Hersperger. 1996. Road ecology and road density in different landscapes, with international planning and mitigation solutions. In Trends in Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality, G. L. Evink et al., eds. Publication FL-ER-58-96, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, Florida. Pp. 1-22.
Forman, R. T. T. and A. M. Hersperger. 1997. Ecologia del paesaggio e pianificazione: una potente combinazione. (Landscape ecology and planning: a powerful combination). Urbanistica 108: 61-66.
Forman, R. T. T. and L. E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 207-231.
Collinge, S. K. and R. T. T. Forman. 1998. A conceptual model of land conversion processes: predictions and evidence from a microlandscape experiment with grassland insects. Oikos 82: 66-84.
Forman, R. T. T. and R. D. Deblinger. 2000. The ecological road-effect zone of a Massachusetts (USA) suburban highway. Conservation Biology 14: 36-46.
Forman, R. T. T. 2000. Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road system in the United States. Conservation Biology 14: 31-35.
Forman, R. T. T. 2002. The missing catalyst: design and planning with ecology roots. In Ecology and Design: Frameworks for Learning, B. R. Johnson and K. Hill, eds. Island Press, Washington, D.C. Pp. 85-109.
Forman, R. T. T., B. Reineking, and A. M. Hersperger. 2002. Road traffic and nearby grassland bird patterns in a suburbanizing landscape. Environmental Management 29: 782-800.
Hersperger, A. M. and R. T. T. Forman. 2003. Adjacency arrangement effects on plant diversity and composition in woodland patches. Oikos 101: 279-290.
Forman, R. T. T. 2004. Road ecology’s promise: What’s around the bend? Environment 46: 8-21.
Forman, R. T. T., P. L. Reeve, H. Beyer, J. Bolduc, J. Ferguson, R. Johnson, A. Lukens, A. Proulx, P. Siebert, B. Stokey, M. Thornton, and K. Edwards. 2004. Open Space and Recreation Plan 2004: Concord, Massachusetts. Natural Resources Commission, Concord, Massachusetts. 206 pp.
Forman, R. T. T. 2006. Good and bad places for roads: effects of varying road and natural patterns on habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation. In International Conference on Ecology and Transportation 2005 Proceedings. CTE, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Pp. 164-174.
Forman, R. T. T. and R. I. McDonald. 2007. A massive increase in roadside woody vegetation: goals, pros, and cons. In International Conference on Ecology and Transportation 2007 Proceedings. CTE, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Pp. 229-238.
Forman, R. T. T. 2008. The urban region: natural systems in our place, our nourishment, our home range, our future. Landscape Ecology 23: 251-253.
McDonald, R. I., P. Kareiva, and R. T. T. Forman. 2008. The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biological Conservation 141: 1695-1703.
Forman, R. T. T. 2009a. Coastal regions: spatial patterns, flows, and a people-nature solution from the lens of landscape ecology. In Paesaggi costieri: Un Atlante provvisori. M. Mininni, ed. Politecnico de Bari, Bari, Italia. (In press).
Forman, R. T. T. 2009b. Foreword. In Ecology of Fragmented Landscapes, by S. K. Collinge. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. Pp. vii-ix.
Forman, R. T. T. 2009c. Urban ecology and the arrangement of nature in urban regions. In Ecological Urbanism. G. Doherty, ed. Lars Muller Publishers, Basel, Switzerland. (In press).
McDonald, R. I., R. T. T. Forman, P. Kareiva et al. . 2009. Urban effects, distance, and protected areas in an urbanizing world. Landscape and Urban Planning (in press).
Address
Harvard University, Graduate School of Design, 48 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
[email: rforman@gsd.harvard.edu]
