抓住机遇，推进景观行业第二轮大发展
上海市景观学会秘书长顾勤
编者按：本文为上海市景观学会秘书长顾勤在2009年4月23日由北京大学景观设计学研究院主办，《景观设计学》杂志、《景观中国》网站、北京土人景观与建筑规划设计研究院上海分院协办的“全球金融危机下景观设计行业的机遇与就业论坛”上海分论坛上的主题发言，详细分析了此次金融危机为景观行业所带来的机遇。经顾勤先生授权，特由景观中国网站全文发布，以飨读者，标题为景观中国编者所加。
很高兴今天受朱群总经理邀请参加此次由北京大学景观设计学研究院等单位举办的《全球金融危机下景观行业的机遇与就业论坛》，在此，请允许我代表上海市景观学会预祝此次论坛圆满成功。
首先，让我们回顾一下此次的金融危机时间表，2006年，金融危机在美国爆发，2007年，金融危机波及中国，2008年，我国外贸出口企业告急，同年，中国经济振兴政策出台，2008年底，长三角、珠三角、天津滨海新区、中西部各核心城市圈的环境生态规划工程开始启动，其中仅《武汉城市圈两型综改区生态环境规划》一项规划总投资就达到5128.5亿元。
我国城市经过多年快速发展，环境形势不容乐观，生态环境规划建设任务十分艰巨，在释放内需尚待时日的客观条件下，政府买单大力发展城市基础设施建设及生态环境规划建设，构筑我国圈域大生态格局无疑是目前我国高层决策者的不二之选。
我认为，此次金融危机为景观行业创造了前所未有的发展机遇，为景观行业的发展装上了加速器，我预计，景观行业至少可以从节能减排、循环经济、生态农业、生态林业、生态水系、生态能源、生态恢复与环境整治、生态家园、生态安全保障能力建设管理等9大领域获益。
而我国新生代的景观设计师们，将是此次生态大建设的主力军。
让我们回顾一下我国景观学科的发展历程：
众所周知，80年代始，Forman和Godron提出了“景观与区域；斑块、廊道、基质”等景观生态学基础原理。
同期，我国部分归国及本土的年轻学者紧随国际景观学科发展趋势，在国内积极倡导景观学科的建设，得到国内外有关人士的支持和参与。
20世纪90年代，我国提出生态建设的战略国策，在国家相关部门的支持下，景观行业科技从业人员不媚权势，不迷信权威，以科学的态度和严谨求实作为学术研究理念，在景观学相关领域的研究取得了较大的成绩：
首先，从景观生态学的角度明确了“景观”的学术定义和内涵，科学区分了“风景园林”和“景观”的概念，纠正了长期以来对“景观”与“园林”的观念混淆，驳斥了关于“景观学等于风景园林学、“景观”本身概念模糊不可定义”等荒谬论调，在行业内端正了科学发展的学科思想、坚定了景观行业科技人员的从业信心。
在理论联系实际的基础上，提出了诸如：“景观系统整体性和景观要素异质性；景观研究的尺度性；景观结构的镶嵌性；生态流的空间聚集与扩散；景观的自然性与文化性；景观寅化的不可逆性与人类主导性及景观价值的多重性”等很多具有中国特色的景观学核心理念。
大量研究证明：景观生态学提供的理论和原理可以直接应用于城市规划和园林设计，对城市规划与园林设计具有指导意义，基于景观生态学理论的城市规划与园林设计更具整体前瞻性与科学性，景观学科的发展对我国的生态环境建设具有实质性的推动作用。
无容置疑，景观学科的发展也给我国传统的园林设计等相关学科提供了提出了更高的时代要求，在风景园林等相关学科领域，很多青年科技工作者及学科领军人物、学术带头人都敏锐地把握到了这一学科发展的良机，他们勤学好问、深入学习景观学理论，广纳兄弟学科精髓、博采众长、摒弃门户之争、学科之争、抓住我国城市环境规划与生态建设的大发展机遇，积极参与城市规划与园林设计实践，成为了我国第一轮城市建设的获益者和行业的佼佼者。
但也有小部分人至今对景观学的定义仍持有异议，对“景观”这一词汇的学术释义和日常通用概念混淆不清，如果只是学术之争，亦无可厚非，各门各派可以本着百家争鸣，百花齐放的指导思想，各抒己见、共同探讨、共同研究、共同进步，也是好事。
即便是有人觉得：“道不同不相与谋、话不投机半句多”，亦可以闭门谢客，孤芳自赏，闲暇时，旧瓶装装新酒，自斟自酌，倒也对社会无害。
但是，我们要警惕极个别人为谋私利、自誉泰斗，自封权威，故意偷梁换柱、混淆学术概念、恶意否定景观学科、无视景观学领域研究新成果，又仗势欺人，人为给景观学科领域的学科工作者的职业发展制造障碍、千方百计阻绕景观学科发展；如果遇到这样的流氓权威和学霸泰斗，我们必须毫不留情，勇敢直面，坚决据理力争；
因为只有这样，我们才能保护我们的新学科发展空间，因为只有这样，我们才能为我们争取到纯净自由的学术研究环境。
同志们，第二轮景观行业大发展的机遇已经来临，这正是我们景观设计师们运用景观生态学理论，在我国新一轮城市生态环境建设浪潮中大试身手、大展宏图的时候！
我认为：只要我们坚持科学发展观，旗帜鲜明地反对学霸作风，坚持“百家争鸣、百花齐放”的学术指导思想，坚定学科信心，积极实践，在景观生态分析、景观生态评价、景观生态设计、景观生态规划等领域科学应用景观生态学的最新理论研究成果；
我有理由相信，我们一定会取得更大的成功，景观行业将会有更加美好的前景。
我的发言，仅是抛砖引玉，不妥之处，请各位专家不吝赐教。
谢谢！
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I’m very happy that the General Manager, Mr. Zhu Chen invited me here today to speak at the Forum on Industry Development and Employment Opportunities in Landscape Architecture in the Global Economic Crisis. First off I’d like to wish this forum great success
Looking back, the beginning of the crisis began in the United States in 2006 and began influencing China in 2007 leading to decline in business and downfall of many foreign trade companies. In 2008 the Chinese government began iniatives to develop better ecological planning in landscape projects. The government also began to strengthen infrastructure and connections in areas of high urban development, creating better transport and trade connections between cities to create growth in key areas in the country. Four specific areas are the focus of this iniative: the Tian Jin Binghai New Area, the Zhu river triangle which includes the cities of Shengzhen and Guangzhou, the Chang San River Triangle which includes: Shanghai and it’s of surrounding cities and the Wuhan New Area. To illustrate the scale of this project a single landscape project in the New Area has a project value of over 500 billion rmb. Even in the shadow of the economic crisis a great deal of opportunity exists in China for development in our industry.
During the rapid development of China’s economy and cities the environment was often sacrificed in the interest of strong industrial development. Now that development has slowed the government can focus on correcting environmental issues that were created by rapid industrialization. To reach the long term goal of increased consumer spending the government can sustain the economy by direct investment in these environmental projects which will stimulate the economy through the creation of new jobs and create a more sustainable economy for key areas in the country.
I think the financial crisis has created a unique opportunity for landscape architecture development in China with opportunities in 9 key areas: energy saving emission reduction, sustainable development, ecological architecture, eco forestry, ecological water systems, bio energy sources, ecological restoration, eco buildings and computer assisted environment management.
With Chinese governments focus on new environmental development, landscape architects must provide the backbone of this new system by providing our knowledge and expertise in the development of a stronger and more environmentally and economically sustainable China. It must be our mission as an industry to ensure a focused development to help rescue not only the environment but the economy as well.
Now, allow me to look back at the development of Landscape Architecture. Modern landscape architecture in China is derived from the defining works of Godron and Forman and landscape ecology, and not from classical Chinese gardening. It’s focus is on ecological development of systems and demands a much deeper understanding of the environment and sustainability than the purely aesthetic practices of classical gardening. In China today Yuan Ling (Classical Chinese Gardening) and Jing Guan (Landscape Architecture) are translated to English as Landscape architecture even though the fields could not be more different. The practices of traditional Chinese gardening are purely aesthetic and can damage an environment, while the practices of true landscape Architects protect and sustain as well as beautify the environment.
The first round of development of development in China focused on infrastructure and now in the face of the economic crisis the second round of development is upon us. This development cycle will focus landscape and ecological development. It is our responsibility as Landscape architects to guide this development to not only create a better future for China but to create a better future for our industry. To ensure personal success and the success of our industry in future development it is crucial for us to focus on Landscape Architecture’s ties to ecology and to differentiate as much as possible from classical Chinese gardening and that field’s misrepresentation of its relationship to Landscape planning.
This speech is the beginning of a dialogue that I hope will lead to growth in our industry for the benefit of all parties involved. I hope the ideas I presented today will stimulate discussion and I look forward to any ideas you may have about these issues… thank you very much.
